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Micro > Ch. 4 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells > Flashcards

Ch. 4 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryote

A

comes from the Greek words for prenucleus

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2
Q

Eukaryote

A

comes from the Greek words for true nucleus

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3
Q

Avg. size of bacterial cells

A

0.2 to 2.0 micro meters x 2 to 8 micro meter length

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4
Q

Most bacteria are

A

monomorphic ( single shape)

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5
Q

a few bacteria are

A

pleomorphic (many shapes)

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6
Q

Bacillus

A

rod shaped

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7
Q

coccus

A

spherical shape

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8
Q

Spiral

A

-Vibrio
-Spirillum
-Spirochete

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9
Q

Star-shaped

A
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10
Q

Rectangular

A
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11
Q

Pairs

A

diplococci, diplobacilli

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12
Q

Clusters

A

staphylococci

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13
Q

Chains

A

Streptococci, streptobacilli

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14
Q

groups of four

A

tetrads

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15
Q

cubelike groups of eight

A

sarcinae

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16
Q

Scientific name

A

Bacillus (Bold)

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17
Q

Shape

A

bacillus

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18
Q

Glycocalyx

A
  • External to the cell wall
  • Viscous and gelatinous
  • Made of polysaccharide and/or polypeptide
  • Two types
    – Capsule: neatly organized and firmly attached
    – Slime layer: unorganized and loose
  • Contribute to virulence
    – Capsules prevent phagocytosis
    – Extracellular polymeric substance helps form biofilms
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19
Q

Flagella

A
  • Filamentous appendages external of the cell
  • Propel bacteria
  • Made of protein flagellin
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20
Q

Three parts of Flagella

A

– Filament: outermost region
– Hook: attaches to the filament
– Basal body: consists of rod and pairs of rings;
anchors flagellum to the cell wall and membrane

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21
Q

Taxis

A

Flagella allow bacteria to move toward or away from stimuli

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22
Q

Flagella rotate

A

to “run” or “tumble”

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23
Q

Archaella

A
  • Archaeal motility structure
  • Made of glycoproteins archaellins
  • Anchored to the cell
  • Archaella (singular: archlaellum) rotate like flagella
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24
Q

Axial Filaments

A
  • Also called endoflagella
  • Found in spirochetes
  • Anchored at one end of a cell
  • Rotation causes cell to move like a corkscrew
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25
Q

Fimbriae

A

hairlike appendages that allow for attachment

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26
Q

Pili

A

– Involved in motility (gliding and twitching motility)
– Conjugation pili involved in DNA transfer from one
cell to another

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27
Q

The cell wall

A
  • Prevents osmotic lysis and protects the cell membrane
  • Made of peptidoglycan (in bacteria)
  • Contributes to pathogenicity
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28
Q

Composition and Characteristics

A
  • Peptidoglycan
    – Polymer of a repeating disaccharide in rows:
    ▪ N-acetylglucosamine(NAG)
    ▪ N-acetylmuramicacid (NAM)
  • Rows are linked by polypeptides
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29
Q

Gram-Positive Cell Walls

A

-Thick peptidoglycan
-Teichoic acids

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30
Q

Gram-Negative Cell Walls

A

-Thin peptidoglycan
-Outer membrane
-Periplasmic space

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31
Q

Teichoic acids

A

– Lipoteichoic acid links cell wall to plasma membrane
– Wall teichoic acid links the peptidoglycan
– Carry a negative charge
– Regulate movement of cations

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32
Q

Polysaccharides and teichoic acids

A

provide antigen specificity

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33
Q

Periplasm between the outer membrane and the plasma membrane contains

A

peptidoglycan

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34
Q

Outer membrane made of

A

polysaccharides, lipoproteins, and phospholipids

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35
Q

Gram-neg cell walls protect from

A

phagocytes, complement, and antibiotics

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36
Q

gram-neg cell walls are made of

A

lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
— O polysaccharide functions as antigen( e.g., E. coli O157:H7)
— Lipid A is an endotoxin embedded in the top layer

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37
Q

Porins

A

(proteins) form channels through membrane

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38
Q

Cell walls and the gram stain mechanism

A
  • Crystal violet-iodine crystals form inside cell
  • Gram-positive
    – Alcohol dehydrates peptidoglycan
    – CV-I crystals do not leave
  • Gram-negative
    – Alcohol dissolves outer membrane and leaves holes
    in peptidoglycan
    – CV-I washes out; cells are colorless
    – Safranin added to stain cells
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39
Q

Gram-Positive Cell Walls

A
  • 2 rings in basal body of flagella
  • Produce exotoxins
  • High susceptibility to penicillin
  • Disrupted by lysozyme
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40
Q

Gram-Negative Cell Walls

A
  • 4 rings in basal body of flagella
  • Produce endotoxins and exotoxins
  • Low susceptibility to penicillin
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41
Q

Acid-fast cell walls

A

– Like gram-positive cell walls
– Waxy lipid (mycolic acid) bound to peptidoglycan
– Mycobacterium
– Nocardia
– Stain with carbolfuchsin

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42
Q

Mycoplasmas

A

-lack cell walls
-sterols in plasma membrane

43
Q

Archaea

A
  • Wall-less
  • Walls of pseudomurein (lack NAM and D-aminoacids)
44
Q

Lysozyme hydrolyzes bonds

A

in peptidoglycan

45
Q

Penicillin inhibits

A

peptide bridges in peptidoglycan

46
Q

Protoplast

A

a wall-less gram-positive cell

47
Q

Spheroplast

A

a wall-less gram-negative cell
- protoplast and spheroplasts are susceptible to osmotic lysis

48
Q

L forms

A

wall-less cells that swell into irregular shapes

49
Q

The Plasma (cytoplasmic) Membrane

A
  • Phospholipid bilayer that encloses the cytoplasm
  • Peripheral proteins on the membrane surface
  • Integral and transmembrane proteins penetrate the
    membrane
50
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

– Membrane is as viscous as olive oil
– Proteins move freely for various functions
– Phospholipids rotate and move laterally
– Self-sealing

51
Q

Selective permeability

A

plasma membrane allows the passage of some molecules, nut not others

52
Q

Chromatophores

A

photosynthetic pigments on foldings

53
Q

Functions

A
  • Damage to the membrane by alcohols, quaternary
    ammonium (detergents), and polymyxin antibiotics
    causes leakage of cell contents
  • Contains enzymes for ATP production
54
Q

Passive Processes:

A

substances move from high concentration to low concentration; no energy required

55
Q

Active processes:

A

substances move from low conc. to high conc.;energy expended

56
Q

Simple diffusion

A

movement of a solute form an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

*Continue until molecules reach equilibrium

57
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

solutes combines with a transporter protein in the membrane

*Transports ions and larger molecules across a membrane with the conc. gradient

58
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

solute combines with a transporter protein in the membrane

*Transports ion and larger molecules across a membrane with the conc. gradient

59
Q

Osmosis

A

the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water to an area of lower water conc.

  • through lipid layer
    *Aquaporins (water channels)
60
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

the pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane

61
Q

Isotonic solution

A

solute concentrations equal inside and outside of cell; water is at equilibrium

62
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

solute conc. is lower outside than inside the cell: water moves into cell

63
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

solute conc. is higher outside of cell than inside; water moves out of the cell

64
Q

Active transport

A

requires a transporter protein and ATP; goes against gradient

65
Q

Group translocation

A

requires a transporter protein and phosphoenolpyuvic acid (PEP); substance is altered as it crosses the membrane

66
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • The substance inside the plasma membrane
  • Eighty percent water plus proteins, carbohydrates, lipids,
    and ions
  • Cytoskeleton
67
Q

The Nucleoid

A
  • Bacterial chromosome:
  • Plasmids
68
Q

Bacterial chromosome

A

circular thread of DNA that
contains the cell’s genetic information

69
Q

Plasmids

A

extrachromosomal genetic elements; carry
non-crucial genes (gram ., antibiotic resistance, production of
toxins)

70
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • Sites of protein synthesis
  • Made of protein and ribosomal RNA
  • 70S
    – 50S + 30S subunits
71
Q

Metaphoric granules (volition)

A

phosphate reserves

72
Q

Polysaccharide granules

A

energy reserves

73
Q

Lipid inclusions

A

energy reserves

74
Q

Sulfur granules

A

energy reserves

75
Q

carboxysomes

A

RuBis CO enzyme for CO2 fixation during photosynthesis

76
Q

Gas vacuoles

A

protein covered cylinders that maintain buoyancy

77
Q

magentosomes

A

iron oxide inclusions; destroy H2O

78
Q

Sporulation

A

endospore formation

79
Q

Germination

A

endospore returns to vegetative state

80
Q

Flagella

A

long projections: few in number

81
Q

Cilia

A

short projections; numerous

82
Q

Cell wall

A
  • Found in plants, algae, and fungi
  • Made of carbohydrates (cellulose plants, chitin-fungi, glucan, and mannan-yeasts)
83
Q

Glycocalyx

A

-Carbohydrates bonded to proteins and lipids in the plasma membrane
- Found in animal cells

84
Q

Endocytosis

A

phagocytosis and pinocytosis

85
Q

phagocytosis

A

pseudopods extend and engulf particles

86
Q

Pinocytosis

A

membrane folds inward, bringing in fluid and dissolved substances

87
Q

Cytoplasm

A

substance inside the plasma and outside the nucleus

88
Q

Cytosol

A

fluid portion of cytoplasm

89
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

made of microfilaments and intermediate filaments; gives shape and support

90
Q

Cytoplasmic streaming

A

movement of the cytoplasm throughout the cell

91
Q

Nucleus

A
  • double membrane structure (Nuclear envelope) that contains the cell’s DNA
    -DNA is complexed with histone proteins to form chromatin
    -During mitosis and meiosis, chromatin condenses into chromosomes
92
Q

Rough ER

A

studded with ribosomes; sites of protein synthesis

93
Q

smooth ER

A

no ribosomes; synthesizes cell membranes, fats, and hormones

94
Q

Golgi complex

A
  • transport organelle
  • modifies proteins from the ER
  • Transports modified proteins via SECRETORY VESICLES to the plasma membrane
95
Q

Lysosomes

A

-vesicles formed in the Golgi complex
-contain digestive enzymes

96
Q

Vacuoles

A

-cavities in the cell formed from the Golgi complex
- bring food into cells; provide shape and storage

97
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • double membrane
    -contain inner folds (cristae) and fluid (matrix)
    -involved in cellular respiration (ATP production)
98
Q

Chloroplasts

A

-locations of photosynthesis
-contain flattened membranes (thylakoids) that contain chlorophyll

99
Q

Peroxisomes

A

oxidize fatty acids; destroy H2O2

100
Q

Centrosomes

A

-network of protein fibers and centrioles
-form the mitotic spindle; critical role in cell division

101
Q

life arose as simple organisms ___ to _ billion _____ ago

A

3.5, 4, years

102
Q

First eukaryotes evolved ___ billion years ago

A

2.5

103
Q

Endosymbiotic theory

A

-larger bacterial cells engulfed smaller bacterial cells, developing the first eukaryotes
- ingested photosynthetic bacteria becomes chloroplasts
- ingested aerobic bacteria became mitochondria

Micro (8 decks)

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