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Human Anatomy > Ch. 8 Lower Limb and Foot > Flashcards

Ch. 8 Lower Limb and Foot Flashcards

1
Q

Skeleton of Upper Limb

A
  • skeleton of lower limb consists of 2 separate regions: pelvic girdle and free part
  • lower limbs are stronger and larger than upper limb bones
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2
Q

Femur

A

femur: longest, heaviest and strongest bone in body
- proximally, head articulates with acetabulum of hip bone forming the coxal joint
- neck: distal to head, common site of fracture
- greater and lesser trochanters: projections that servse as point of attachment for tendons and some of thigh and buttock muscles
- distally, medial and lateral condyles articulate with condyles of tibia forming knee joint
- articulates with patella
- gluteal tuberosity and linea aspera: attachment sites for large hip muscles
- intercondylar fossa: depression between the condyles
- medial and lateral epicondyles: muscle site attachments for knee muscles

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3
Q

Patella

A
  • largest sesamoid bone of body
  • forms patellofemoral joint
  • superior surface in base
  • inferior, narrower surface is the apex
  • thick articular cartilage lines the posterior surface
  • increases the leverage of the quadriceps femoris muscle
  • patellofemoral stress syndrome: runner’s knee
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4
Q

Tibia (shin bone)

A
  • larger, medial weight bearing bone of leg
  • lateral and medial condyles at proximal end articulate with femur
  • articulates distally with talus and fibula
  • tibial tuberosity: attachment site for patellar ligament
  • medial malleolus: medial surface of distal end (medial surface of ankle joint)
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5
Q

Fibula

A
  • smaller, laterally placed bone of leg
  • non-weight bearing
  • head forms the proximal tibiofibular joint
  • lateral malleolus: distal end, articulates with the tibia and the talus at the ankle
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6
Q

Foot: Tarsal, Metatarsals, and Phalanges

A
  • tarsus 7 bones
  • metatarsals 5 bones
  • phalanges 14 bones
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7
Q

Tarsal

A
  • articulates with tibia and fibula
  • calcaneus is heel bone, largest and strongest tarsal bone
  • navicular, cuboid, and 3 cuneiforms
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8
Q

Arches of Foot

A

2 arches support weight of body
- provide spring and leverage to foot when walking
- arches flex when body weight is applied
- flatfoot: arches decrease or fall
- clawfoot: too much arch occurs due to various pathologies
medial longitudinal arch: extends from heel to the big toe
lateral longitudinal arch: not as high as medial longitudinal arch
transverse arch: runs perpendicular to longitudinal arches

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9
Q

Thigh Muscles the Move Knee Joint

A
  • mainly originate from pelvic girdle and thigh
    1. anterior extensor muscles- quadriceps femoris group: rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius
    2. posterior flexor muscles- hamstrings femoris group: biceps femoris, semimembraneous, semitendinosus
    3. medial femoris muscles: gracilis
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10
Q

Anterior Extensor Muscles

A
  1. rectus femoris: anterior inferior illiac spine; tibiual tuberosity
  2. Vastus lateralis: greater trochnater and line aspera of femur; tibital tuberosity
  3. vastus medialis: linea aspera of femur; tibial tuberosity
  4. Vastus intermedius: anterior and lateral surface of body of femur; tibial tuberosity
    - all 4 extend leg at knee joint and flex thigh at hip
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11
Q

Posterior Flexor Muscles

A
  1. biceps femoris: long head from ischial tuberosity and short head from line aspera of femur; head and lateral condyle of fibiula
  2. Semimembranosus: ischial tuberosity; medial condyle of tibia
  3. Semitendinosus: ischial tuberosity; shaft of tibis
    - posterior group of muscles commonly flexes the leg at knee joint and extend the thigh at hip
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12
Q

Medial Femoris Muscle

A

Gracilis: body and inferior ramus of pubis; medial surface of bone of tibia
- adducts thigh at hip joint, rotate thigh medially, and flexes leg at knee joint

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13
Q

Leg Muscles (anterior, lateral and posterior)

A 
anterior compartment:
- extensor hallicus longus
- tibialis anterior
- extensor digitorium ongus
lateral compartment:
- peroneus longus and brevis
posterior compartment:
1. superficial layer: gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris
2. deep layer: flexor digitorium, flexor hallicus longus, tibilialis posterior, popliteus
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14
Q

Anterior Compartment

A

extensor halliucis longus: extends great toe and dorsiflexes foot at ankle joint
tibialis anterior: dorsiflexes and inverts foot
extensor digitorium longus: extends toes 2-5, dorsiflexes foot at ankle joint

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15
Q

Lateral Comparment

A

fibularis longus and brevis:

- both muscles everts foot and are weaker in flexing plantar

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16
Q

Posterior Compartment (superficial layer)

A

gastrocnemius: flexes leg at knee plantar flexes foot at ankle
soleus: plantar flexes foot at ankle
plantaris: weak leg flexor; plantaris flexes foot at ankle joint

17
Q

Posterior Compartment (deep)

A

flexor digitorium longus: plantar flexes foot at ankle
flexor hallicus longus: plantar flexes foot at ankle joint
tibialis posterior: plantar flexes and inverts foot
popliteus: flexes leg, medially rotates tibia to unlock the knee

18
Q

Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot

A
  • termed intrinsic because they originate and insert within the foot
  • limited designed for support and locomotion, are split into dorsal and plantar groups
  • only one dorsal muscle which extends toes 2-5 at MTP joints
  • plantar muscles are arranged in four layers with most superficial of these called first layer
19
Q

Plantar Group Muscles (first layer)

A
  1. flexor digitorum brevis: attaches to middle phalanges of toes, flexes toes 2-5 at IP and metatarsophalngeal joint
  2. abductor hallucis: abducts and flexes the great toe
  3. abductor digiti minimi: abducts and flexes the little toe
20
Q

Second Layer

A
  1. quadratus plantae: attach to tendons of digitorium longus to flex toeas 2-5
  2. lumbricales muscles: attach to tendons of flexor digitorium longus
    - serve to flex the MP joints
    - extends toes 2-5 at interphalangeal joint
21
Q

Third Layer

A
  1. adductor hallucis: adducts and flexes great toe
  2. flexor hallucis brevis: flexes great toe at MTP joint
  3. flexor digiti minimi brevis: flexes little toe at MTP joint
22
Q

Fourth Layer

A

Dorsal Interossei: adducts and flex toes 2-5 at MTP and extend toes at IP
Plantar interossei: adducts and flexes proximal MTP and extend toe at IP join

23
Q

Nervous Supply: Sacral and Coccygeal Plexuses

A
  • anterior rami of spinal nerves L4-5 and S1-4 form sacral plexus
  • situated largely anterior to sacrum
  • supplies nerves to buttocks, perineum, and lower limbs
  • sciatic nerve arises from sacral plexus
  • coccygeal nerves form small coccygeal plexus
24
Q

Innervation of lower limb and foot

A
  1. sacral plexus (l4-5, S1-4)- innervates: lowerback, pelvis, perineum, post. surface of thigh and leg, dorsum and plantar of foot
  2. common fib. nerve- innervates anterior, lateral leg and dorsum of foot- superficial gluteal nerve, inferior gluteal nerve, nerve to piriformis, pudendal (s2-4)
25
Q

Sciatic Nerve and Tibial

A

common fibular nerve- innervates anterior and lateral leg and dorsum of foot- also innervates: superficial gluteal region, inferior gluteal region, posterior femoral cutaneous, pudendal

26
Q

Blood Flow to Lower Limb (arteries)

A

abdominal aorta- internal iliac artery- external illiac artery- femoral artery- popiteal artery- anterior and posterior tibial artery- fibular/peroneal artery-

  • dorsalis pedis- digital arteries
  • plantar arch
27
Q

Blood Flow To Lower Limbs (veins)

A

anterior tibial and Posterior tibial- popiteal vein- deep femoral vein- great and small saphenous- veins- femoral vein- external iliac- internal iliac vein- common iliac vein- inferior vena cava

Human Anatomy (24 decks)

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