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Human Anatomy > Ch. 1 Introduction > Flashcards

Ch. 1 Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Physiology

A

study of the function of body parts

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2
Q

Structural Organization: Chemical Level

A

atoms combine to make molecules

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3
Q

Cellular Level

A

molecules combine to form cells (structural & functional unit of organism), ex. nerve cell, muscle cell

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4
Q

Tissue Level

A

groups of cells and the material surrounding them that perform a specific function

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5
Q

Four types of tissue

A

Epithelial tissue: covers the body surface and the line body cavities
ex. inner lining of the digestive system
Connective: support, connect and interconnects body parts and organs
ex. bone, cartilage
Muscular: attachment and movement
ex. cardiac, smooth, skeletal
Nervous: generates nerve impulses for internal communication
ex. CNS and PNS

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6
Q

Organ Level

A

Different types of tissue are joined together to perform specific functions
ex. heart, stomach, liver

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7
Q

System Level

A

consists of related organs with a common function

ex. digestive system

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8
Q

Organismal Level

A

Any living individual, all the parts of the body functioning together (11 organ systems)

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9
Q

Skeletal System

A

206 bones
Components: bones and joints of the body and their associated cartilages
Function: supports and protects the body;
provides a surface area for muscle attachments;
aids body movement;
houses cells that produce blood cells;
stores minerals and lipids

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10
Q

Muscular System

A

Components: skeletal muscle tissue, muscle usually attached to bones, smooth and cardiac muscle
Functions: participates in bringing about body movements, maintaining posture and produces heat

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11
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

Component: Heart, blood, and blood vessels
Function: Heart pumps blood through blood vessels, carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells and helps regulate acid-base balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids; blood components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessels

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12
Q

Lymphatic System

A

Component: Lymphatic fluid, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymes, and tonsils, cells that carry out immune responses (B cells)
Function: returns proteins and fluid to blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood; contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease-causing microbes

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13
Q

Nervous System

A

Components: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs
Function: Generates action potentials to regulate body activities; detects changes in the body’s internal and external environments, interprets the changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions

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14
Q

Endocrine System

A

Components: hormone-producing glands (pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes) and hormone-producing cells in several other organs
Function: regulates body activities by releasing hormones, which are chemical messengers transported in blood from an endocrine gland or tissue to a target organ

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15
Q

Respiratory System

A

Components: lungs and air passageways such as the pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), and bronchial tubes within the lungs
Function: Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air; helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sound

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16
Q

Digestive System

A

Components: organs of gastrointestinal tract- a long tube that includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and anus; also salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
Function: Activates physical and chemical breakdown of food, eliminates solid wastes; absorbs nutrients

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17
Q

Urnuary System

A

Components: kidneys, Ureters, Urinary bladder, Urethra
Function: produces, stores and eliminates urine; eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; helps maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids; maintain’s body’s mineral balance; helps regulate production of red blood cells

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18
Q

Reproductive System

A

Components: Gonads (testes and ovaries), and associated organs (uterus, fallopian tubes, uterine tube, and vagina in female and epididymis, seminal vesicles, prostate, ductus deferences, and penis in male)
Function: gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism, gonad also release hormones

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19
Q

Anatomy

A

study of the structure and the relationship amoung structures

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20
Q

Integumentary System

A

Components: skin, and structures associated with it, such as hair, fingernails, and toenails, sweat glands, and oil glands and the subcutaneous layer
Function: Protects the body; helps regulate body temperature; eliminates wastes; helps make vitamin D; and detects sensations; stores fat and provides insultation

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21
Q

Six characteristics that set living from nonliving

A

Metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction

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22
Q

Anatomical Poistion

A

is a standard of reference for the description of anatomical structures, stands erect facing the observer with the head level and the eyes facing directly forward. lower limbs are parallel and upper limbs are at the sides with the palms facing forward

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23
Q

Prone position

A

lying face down

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24
Q

Supine position

A

body is lying face up

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25
Q

Regional Names

A

head: skull and face
neck: supports head and attaches to trunk
trunk: consists of neck, thorax, abdomen, and pelvis
upper limbs: shoulder, armpit, arm, forearm, wrist, and hand
lower limbs: buttock, thigh, leg, ankle, and foot

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26
Q

Planes

A

imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body

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27
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

is a vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left sides

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28
Q

Midsagittal Plane

A

sagittal plane that passes through the midline of the body and divides it into equal right and left sides

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29
Q

Parasagittal Plane

A

sagittal plane that divides the body into unequal right and keft sides

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30
Q

Frontal/coronal Plane

A

divides the body or an organ into front and back portions

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31
Q

Transverse Plane/ cross-sectional/ horizontal

A

divides the body or an organ into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions

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32
Q

Oblique Plane

A

passes through the body or organ at an oblique angle

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33
Q

Directional Terms

A

words that describe the position of one body part relative to another

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34
Q

Cranial

A

relating to the skull; toward the head

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35
Q

Rostral

A

relating to the nose and mouth region; toward the face

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36
Q

Caudal

A

Relating to the tail; at or near the tail or posterior part of the body

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37
Q

Anterior

A

Nearer to or at the front of the body

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38
Q

Posterior

A

nearer to or at the back of the body

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39
Q

Ventral

A

relating to the back side of the body; toward the belly

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40
Q

Dorsal

A

relating to the back side of the body; toward the back

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41
Q

Medial

A

nearer to the midline (imaginary vertical line that divides the body)

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42
Q

Lateral

A

Farther from the midline

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43
Q

Intermediate

A

between two structures

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44
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side of the body’s midline as another structure

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45
Q

Contralateral

A

On the opposite side of the body’s midline from another structure

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46
Q

Proximal

A

Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origination of a structure

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47
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origination of a structure

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48
Q

Superficial

A

toward or on the surface of the body

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49
Q

Deep

A

away from the surface of the body

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50
Q

Body Cavities

A

spaces within the body that house internal organs, bones muscles and ligaments separate the various body cavities from one another

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51
Q

Cranial Cavity

A

formed by cranial bones and contains the brain

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52
Q

Vertebral (spinal) canal

A

formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves

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53
Q

Meninges

A

three protective layers of tissue and a shock-absorbing fluid around the brain and spinal cord

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54
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

chest cavity; contains the ribs, muscles of the chest, the sternum, aand the thoracic portion of the vertebral column

55
Q

Pleural cavityPleurae (serous sacs)

A

a potential space between the layers of the pleura that surrounds a lung

56
Q

Mediastinum

A

central portion of thoracic cavity between the lungs; extends from sternum to vertebral column and from first rib to diaphragm; contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels

57
Q

Pericardial Cavity

A

a potential space between the layers of the pericardium that surrounds the heart

58
Q

Diaphragm

A

dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity

59
Q

Abdominopelvic Cavity

A

extends from the diaphragm to the groin and is encircled by the abdominal muscle wall and the bones and the muscles of the pelvis

60
Q

Abdominal Cavity

A

superior portion, contains the kidneys, adrenal glands, stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, and most of the large intestine

61
Q

Pelvic Cavity

A

inferior portion, contains the urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and internal organs of the reproductive system

62
Q

Viscera

A

organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

63
Q

Membrance

A

thin pliable tissue that covers, lines, partitions or connects structures

64
Q

Serous Membrane

A

slippery double-layered membrane associated with body cavities that does not open directly to the exterior

65
Q

Parietal Layer

A

part of the serious membrane, a thin epithelium that lines the walls of body cavities

66
Q

Visceral Layer

A

a thin epithelium that covers and adheres to the viscera within the body cavities, form a serious sac with the parietal layer

67
Q

Pleura

A

serous membrane associated with the lungs

68
Q

visceral pluera

A

clings to the surface of the lungs

69
Q

parietal pleura

A

lines the chest wall and covers the superior surface of the diaphragm

70
Q

Pericardium

A

serous membrane of the heart

71
Q

Visceral Pericardium

A

covers the surface of the heart

72
Q

Parietal Pericardium

A

lines the fibrous pericardium that surrounds the heart

73
Q

Pericaridal Cavity

A

serous cavity which contains a small amount of lubricating serous fluid

74
Q

Peritoneum

A

the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity

75
Q

Visceral Pertioneum

A

covers the abdominal viscera

76
Q

Parietal Peritoneum

A

covers the abdominal viscera

77
Q

Parital Peritoneum

A

lines the abdonimal wall and covers the inferior surface of the diaphragm

78
Q

Peritoneal Cavity

A

serous cavoty which contains a small amount of lubricating serous fluid

79
Q

Intraperitoneal

A

abdominal organs surrounded by the peritoneum, including stomach, spleen, liver, gallbaldder, jejunum, ileum of the small intestine, and the cecum, appendix, and transverse colon of the large intestine

80
Q

Retroperitoneal

A

covered partially by peritoneum and lie behind the peritoneum, the kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, duodenum of the small intestine, ascending, and the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava are the organs

81
Q

subcostal line

A

top horizontal line drawn inferior to the rib cage

82
Q

Transtubercular Line

A

bottom horizontal line drawn inferior to the tops of the hip bones

83
Q

midclavicular lines

A

drawn through the midpoints of the clavicles, just medial to the nipples

84
Q

Names of 9 abdominopelvic regions

A

right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right inguinal, public, left inguinal

85
Q

Epigastric Region Contains

A

right and left lobes of liver, stomach, gall bladder, transverse colon of the large intestine

86
Q

Umbilical Region Contains

A

part of the transverse colon, part of the small intestine, branches of the blood vessels to the lower limb

87
Q

Hypogastric/public Region Contains

A

part of the small intestine, urinary bladder, sigmoid colon of the large intestine

88
Q

Right Hypochondriac Contains

A

part of the liver, gallbladder, part of the right kidney

89
Q

Left Hypochondriac

A

part of the stomach, spleen, part of the left kidney, left colic flexure of the large intestine

90
Q

Right Lumbar Region Contains

A

ascending colon, right colic flexure of the large intestine, superior part of the cecum, part of the right kidney, part of the small intestine

91
Q

Left Lumbar Region Contains

A

the descending colon, part of the left kidney, part of the small intestine

92
Q

Right Inguinal Region

A

the inferior end of the cecum, the appendix, part of the small intestine

93
Q

Left Inguinal Region Contains

A

junction of part of the colon, part of the small intestine

94
Q

Nine Region use vs Quadrant Use

A

anatomical studies to determine organ location vs. used by clinicians for describing the site of abdominopelvic pain, tumour, injury, or other abnormality

95
Q

Cephalic

A

head

- cranial and facial

96
Q

Cervical

A

Neck

97
Q

Otic

A

Ear

98
Q

Buccal

A

cheek

99
Q

Mental

A

chin

100
Q

Sternal

A

Brestbone

101
Q

Axillary

A

armpit

102
Q

Brachial

A

arm

103
Q

Antecubital

A

front of elbow

104
Q

Antebrachial

A

forearm

105
Q

Carpal

A

wrist

106
Q

Palmar or Volar

A

Palm

107
Q

Digital or Phalangeal

A

fingers

108
Q

Femoral

A

thigh

109
Q

Patellar

A

anterior surface of knee

110
Q

crural

A

leg

111
Q

Pedal

A

foot

112
Q

Tarsal

A

ankle

113
Q

Hallux

A

great toe

114
Q

Dorsum

A

top of foot

115
Q

pubic

A

pubis

116
Q

Manual

A

Hand

117
Q

Pollex

A

thumb

118
Q

Inguinal

A

Groin

119
Q

Coxal

A

hip

120
Q

Umbilical

A

navel

121
Q

Mammary

A

breast

122
Q

Acromial

A

Shoulder

123
Q

Scapular

A

shoulder blade

124
Q

Vertebral

A

spinal column

125
Q

Olecranal or Cubital

A

back of elbow

126
Q

Sacral

A

between hips

127
Q

Coccygeal

A

tailbone

128
Q

Gluteal

A

buttock

129
Q

region of anus and external glands

A

Perineal

130
Q

Popliteal

A

hollow behind the knee

131
Q

Dorsum

A

back of hand

132
Q

calf

A

Crural

133
Q

Plantar

A

sole

134
Q

heel

A

Calcaneal

Human Anatomy (24 decks)

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