Ch. 1 Introduction Flashcards
Physiology
study of the function of body parts
Structural Organization: Chemical Level
atoms combine to make molecules
Cellular Level
molecules combine to form cells (structural & functional unit of organism), ex. nerve cell, muscle cell
Tissue Level
groups of cells and the material surrounding them that perform a specific function
Four types of tissue
Epithelial tissue: covers the body surface and the line body cavities
ex. inner lining of the digestive system
Connective: support, connect and interconnects body parts and organs
ex. bone, cartilage
Muscular: attachment and movement
ex. cardiac, smooth, skeletal
Nervous: generates nerve impulses for internal communication
ex. CNS and PNS
Organ Level
Different types of tissue are joined together to perform specific functions
ex. heart, stomach, liver
System Level
consists of related organs with a common function
ex. digestive system
Organismal Level
Any living individual, all the parts of the body functioning together (11 organ systems)
Skeletal System
206 bones
Components: bones and joints of the body and their associated cartilages
Function: supports and protects the body;
provides a surface area for muscle attachments;
aids body movement;
houses cells that produce blood cells;
stores minerals and lipids
Muscular System
Components: skeletal muscle tissue, muscle usually attached to bones, smooth and cardiac muscle
Functions: participates in bringing about body movements, maintaining posture and produces heat
Cardiovascular System
Component: Heart, blood, and blood vessels
Function: Heart pumps blood through blood vessels, carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells and helps regulate acid-base balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids; blood components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessels
Lymphatic System
Component: Lymphatic fluid, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymes, and tonsils, cells that carry out immune responses (B cells)
Function: returns proteins and fluid to blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood; contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease-causing microbes
Nervous System
Components: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs
Function: Generates action potentials to regulate body activities; detects changes in the body’s internal and external environments, interprets the changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions
Endocrine System
Components: hormone-producing glands (pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes) and hormone-producing cells in several other organs
Function: regulates body activities by releasing hormones, which are chemical messengers transported in blood from an endocrine gland or tissue to a target organ
Respiratory System
Components: lungs and air passageways such as the pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), and bronchial tubes within the lungs
Function: Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air; helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sound
Digestive System
Components: organs of gastrointestinal tract- a long tube that includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and anus; also salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
Function: Activates physical and chemical breakdown of food, eliminates solid wastes; absorbs nutrients
Urnuary System
Components: kidneys, Ureters, Urinary bladder, Urethra
Function: produces, stores and eliminates urine; eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; helps maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids; maintain’s body’s mineral balance; helps regulate production of red blood cells
Reproductive System
Components: Gonads (testes and ovaries), and associated organs (uterus, fallopian tubes, uterine tube, and vagina in female and epididymis, seminal vesicles, prostate, ductus deferences, and penis in male)
Function: gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism, gonad also release hormones
Anatomy
study of the structure and the relationship amoung structures
Integumentary System
Components: skin, and structures associated with it, such as hair, fingernails, and toenails, sweat glands, and oil glands and the subcutaneous layer
Function: Protects the body; helps regulate body temperature; eliminates wastes; helps make vitamin D; and detects sensations; stores fat and provides insultation
Six characteristics that set living from nonliving
Metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction
Anatomical Poistion
is a standard of reference for the description of anatomical structures, stands erect facing the observer with the head level and the eyes facing directly forward. lower limbs are parallel and upper limbs are at the sides with the palms facing forward
Prone position
lying face down
Supine position
body is lying face up
Regional Names
head: skull and face
neck: supports head and attaches to trunk
trunk: consists of neck, thorax, abdomen, and pelvis
upper limbs: shoulder, armpit, arm, forearm, wrist, and hand
lower limbs: buttock, thigh, leg, ankle, and foot
Planes
imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body
Sagittal Plane
is a vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left sides
Midsagittal Plane
sagittal plane that passes through the midline of the body and divides it into equal right and left sides
Parasagittal Plane
sagittal plane that divides the body into unequal right and keft sides
Frontal/coronal Plane
divides the body or an organ into front and back portions
Transverse Plane/ cross-sectional/ horizontal
divides the body or an organ into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions
Oblique Plane
passes through the body or organ at an oblique angle
Directional Terms
words that describe the position of one body part relative to another
Cranial
relating to the skull; toward the head
Rostral
relating to the nose and mouth region; toward the face
Caudal
Relating to the tail; at or near the tail or posterior part of the body
Anterior
Nearer to or at the front of the body
Posterior
nearer to or at the back of the body
Ventral
relating to the back side of the body; toward the belly
Dorsal
relating to the back side of the body; toward the back
Medial
nearer to the midline (imaginary vertical line that divides the body)
Lateral
Farther from the midline
Intermediate
between two structures
Ipsilateral
On the same side of the body’s midline as another structure
Contralateral
On the opposite side of the body’s midline from another structure
Proximal
Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origination of a structure
Distal
Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origination of a structure
Superficial
toward or on the surface of the body
Deep
away from the surface of the body
Body Cavities
spaces within the body that house internal organs, bones muscles and ligaments separate the various body cavities from one another
Cranial Cavity
formed by cranial bones and contains the brain
Vertebral (spinal) canal
formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves
Meninges
three protective layers of tissue and a shock-absorbing fluid around the brain and spinal cord
Thoracic Cavity
chest cavity; contains the ribs, muscles of the chest, the sternum, aand the thoracic portion of the vertebral column
Pleural cavityPleurae (serous sacs)
a potential space between the layers of the pleura that surrounds a lung
Mediastinum
central portion of thoracic cavity between the lungs; extends from sternum to vertebral column and from first rib to diaphragm; contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels
Pericardial Cavity
a potential space between the layers of the pericardium that surrounds the heart
Diaphragm
dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominopelvic Cavity
extends from the diaphragm to the groin and is encircled by the abdominal muscle wall and the bones and the muscles of the pelvis
Abdominal Cavity
superior portion, contains the kidneys, adrenal glands, stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, and most of the large intestine
Pelvic Cavity
inferior portion, contains the urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and internal organs of the reproductive system
Viscera
organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Membrance
thin pliable tissue that covers, lines, partitions or connects structures
Serous Membrane
slippery double-layered membrane associated with body cavities that does not open directly to the exterior
Parietal Layer
part of the serious membrane, a thin epithelium that lines the walls of body cavities
Visceral Layer
a thin epithelium that covers and adheres to the viscera within the body cavities, form a serious sac with the parietal layer
Pleura
serous membrane associated with the lungs
visceral pluera
clings to the surface of the lungs
parietal pleura
lines the chest wall and covers the superior surface of the diaphragm
Pericardium
serous membrane of the heart
Visceral Pericardium
covers the surface of the heart
Parietal Pericardium
lines the fibrous pericardium that surrounds the heart
Pericaridal Cavity
serous cavity which contains a small amount of lubricating serous fluid
Peritoneum
the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity
Visceral Pertioneum
covers the abdominal viscera
Parietal Peritoneum
covers the abdominal viscera
Parital Peritoneum
lines the abdonimal wall and covers the inferior surface of the diaphragm
Peritoneal Cavity
serous cavoty which contains a small amount of lubricating serous fluid
Intraperitoneal
abdominal organs surrounded by the peritoneum, including stomach, spleen, liver, gallbaldder, jejunum, ileum of the small intestine, and the cecum, appendix, and transverse colon of the large intestine
Retroperitoneal
covered partially by peritoneum and lie behind the peritoneum, the kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, duodenum of the small intestine, ascending, and the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava are the organs
subcostal line
top horizontal line drawn inferior to the rib cage
Transtubercular Line
bottom horizontal line drawn inferior to the tops of the hip bones
midclavicular lines
drawn through the midpoints of the clavicles, just medial to the nipples
Names of 9 abdominopelvic regions
right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right inguinal, public, left inguinal
Epigastric Region Contains
right and left lobes of liver, stomach, gall bladder, transverse colon of the large intestine
Umbilical Region Contains
part of the transverse colon, part of the small intestine, branches of the blood vessels to the lower limb
Hypogastric/public Region Contains
part of the small intestine, urinary bladder, sigmoid colon of the large intestine
Right Hypochondriac Contains
part of the liver, gallbladder, part of the right kidney
Left Hypochondriac
part of the stomach, spleen, part of the left kidney, left colic flexure of the large intestine
Right Lumbar Region Contains
ascending colon, right colic flexure of the large intestine, superior part of the cecum, part of the right kidney, part of the small intestine
Left Lumbar Region Contains
the descending colon, part of the left kidney, part of the small intestine
Right Inguinal Region
the inferior end of the cecum, the appendix, part of the small intestine
Left Inguinal Region Contains
junction of part of the colon, part of the small intestine
Nine Region use vs Quadrant Use
anatomical studies to determine organ location vs. used by clinicians for describing the site of abdominopelvic pain, tumour, injury, or other abnormality
Cephalic
head
- cranial and facial
Cervical
Neck
Otic
Ear
Buccal
cheek
Mental
chin
Sternal
Brestbone
Axillary
armpit
Brachial
arm
Antecubital
front of elbow
Antebrachial
forearm
Carpal
wrist
Palmar or Volar
Palm
Digital or Phalangeal
fingers
Femoral
thigh
Patellar
anterior surface of knee
crural
leg
Pedal
foot
Tarsal
ankle
Hallux
great toe
Dorsum
top of foot
pubic
pubis
Manual
Hand
Pollex
thumb
Inguinal
Groin
Coxal
hip
Umbilical
navel
Mammary
breast
Acromial
Shoulder
Scapular
shoulder blade
Vertebral
spinal column
Olecranal or Cubital
back of elbow
Sacral
between hips
Coccygeal
tailbone
Gluteal
buttock
region of anus and external glands
Perineal
Popliteal
hollow behind the knee
Dorsum
back of hand
calf
Crural
Plantar
sole
heel
Calcaneal
