Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Anatomy > Ch. 13 Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Ch. 13 Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Heart

A
  • unidirectional flow of blood
  • back flow of blood is prevented by valves within the heart
  • two independent pumps that work independently but at same rate: one directs blood to lungs for gas exchange, other directs blood to body tissues for nutrient delivery
  • develops blood pressure through alternate cycles of the heart wall contraction and relaxation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Location and surface

A
  • lies in mediastinum
  • two thirds of mass lies to the left of the midline
  • apex: lower, pointed end by the tip of the left ventricles
  • base: broader, superior portion by the atria
  • surface projection is outlined shape of an organ on the surface of the body
  • anterior surface: deep to the sternum and ribs
  • inferior surface: rests mostly on the diaphragm
  • right border: faces the right lung
  • left border: faces the left lung
  • outline: connect the superior right point, superior left point, inferior left point, and inferior right point
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Pericardium

A

Fibrous pericardium: superficial tough, 1 elastic layer, composed of dense irregular connective tissue. Prevents overstretching of the heart, provide protection, and anchors the heart to the mediastinum
Serous pericardium: thinner, more delicate layer that forms a double layer around the heart and divided into parietal and visceral pericardium
Pericardial fluid: slippery secretion of pericardial cells that reduces friction between the membranes as the heart moves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Heart wall

A

Epicardium: external layer, composed of mesothelium and connective tissue(fibro-elastic and adipose)
Myocardium: middle layer, muscular pumping layer, 95% of the heart wall (cardiac muscle)
Endocardium: inner layer, consists of a layer of endothelium covering connective tissue, continuous with the endothelium of the blood vessels connected to the heart (tight junctions)
Endocarditis: inflammation of endothelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cardiac muscle characteristics

A

Intercalated discs, desmosomes, Gap junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Heart surface markings (3 major grooves/ sulci)

A

Coronary sulcus: encircles most of the heart seperates the atria from the ventricles
Anterior interventricular sulcus: marks the external boundary between right and left ventricles
Posterior interventricular sulcus: marks the external boundary between ventricles on the posterior surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Characteristics and functions

A
  • heart is the centre
  • arteries carry blood away and veins carry blood back to the heart
  • arteries are high in oxygen (except pulmonary arteries
  • veins carry low blood in oxygen (except pulmonary veins)
  • entering and leaving the heart are called great veins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Chambers of Heart

A

Two superior chambers
- right and left atria (weaker pumps)
- receive blood returning to the heart via the veins
Two Inferior chambers
- right and left ventricles (powerful pumps)
Pulmonary Pump
- right atrium and right ventricle, moves deoxygenated blood through the lungs (pulmonary artery)
Systemic Pump
- left atrium and left ventricle, pumps oxygenated blood to all systems (pulmonary vein)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Right Atrium (3 veins, lined by?, valve)

A
  • receives deoxygenated blood
  • superior vena cava: drains blood from parts of the body superior to the heart
  • inferior vena cava: collects blood from all parts of the body inferior to the diaphragm
  • coronary sinus: recieves blood fro most of the vessels draining the wall of the heart
  • anterior wall had muscular ridges called pectinate
  • interatrial septum (wall)
  • fossa ovalis: depression on the septum, remnant of the foramen ovate (close at birth)
  • blood flows from the right atrium into the right ventricle through the right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Right Ventricle

A
  • inner surface lined with ridges called trabecule carneae
  • chordae tendineae connects the tricupsid valve to the papillary muscles
  • interventricular septum seperates the two ventricles
  • blood passes through pulmonary valve to lungs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Left Atrium

A
  • forms most of the base of the heart
  • receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via four pulmonary veins (two from each lung)
  • blood flows from the left atrium into the left ventricle through the atrioventricular valve (bicuspid/mitral valve)
  • interatrial septum seperates left and right atriums
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Left Ventricle

A
  • thickest part of the heart, forms apex
  • contains trabeculae carneae and chordae tendinae
  • blood passes from the left ventricles into the aorta through the arotic valve
  • right and left coronary arteries branch from the ascending aorta to supply the walls of the heart
  • rest passes into the arch of aorta and descending aorta
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Myocardial Thickness and Function

A
  • ventricles have thick walls as they pump blood at a higher pressure and over greater distances
  • left ventricle is three times thicker than right
  • both eject equal amounts of blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Fibrous Skeleton of the Heart

A
  • dense connective tissue embedded in the walls of the heart
  • functions (4): prevent overstretching of valves, secure valves to the heart wall, point of insertion for bundles of cardiac muscle fibers, and provide electrical insulator between atria and ventricles
  • right atrioventricular fibrous ring, left atrioventricular fibrous ring, pulmonary fibrous ring, aortic fibrous ring
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Atrioventricular (AV valve)

A
  • tricuspid valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle
  • bicuspid between the left atrium and left ventricle
  • chordea tendineae and associated papillary muscles permit flow but prevent backflow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Semilunar Valves

A
  • two SL valves each having three semilunar cusps
  • allow ejection of blood from ventricles into pulmonary trunk and aorta
  • prevent backflow of blood into heart
  • pulmonary valve: between pulmonary trunk and the right ventricle
  • aortic valve: between arota and left ventricle
17
Q

Systemic Circulation

A
  • receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
  • pumps this blood into the aorta which then continue to branch into arteries, arterioles, capillaries where nutrients, gases, wastes, ect are exchanged with surrounding cells
  • venules and systemic valves return the deoxygenated blood to the right atrium
18
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A
  • right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary trunk which branches into the pulmonary arteries
  • this blood goes to the pulmonary capillaries where the blood becomes oxygenated
  • pulmonary veins carry the oxygenated blood to the left atrium
19
Q

Coronary Circulation

A
  • needed because can not reach myocardium or heart wall
    ascending aorta- coronary arteries
  • left:
    1. anterior interventricular artery: wall of both ventricles and interventricular septum,
    2. circumflex artery: wall of left atrium and ventricle
  • right:
    1. posterior interventricular artery: left and right posterior ventricles
    2. marginal artery: wall of right ventricle
  • anastomoses or collateral circuits for blood to reach heart tissue ex. coronary by-pass
20
Q

Cardiac Conduction System

A
  • during embryonic development about 1% of cardiac muscle fibers become autorhythmic cells; generate action potential
  • act as a pacemaker setting the contractile rhythm of the heart even if heart is separated from body and nerve are cut
  • form the cardiac conduction system of the heart that conduct action potentials throughout the myocardium
  • to spread the action potential throughout heart
21
Q

Components of Conduction System

A

SInoatrial node: heart’s natural pacemaker, initiates heartbeat (two atria contract at same time)
Atrioventricular node: action potential slows, provides time for atria to empty blood into ventricles
Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His): only site where action potentials can conduct from the atria to the ventricles
Right and Left bundle branches: through interventricular septum toward the apex of the heart
Purkinje fibers: relay action potential to the contractile cells of ventricular myocardium
- can alter pace of contractions but not initiate contractions

22
Q

Heart Sounds

A

Auscultation: listening to the heart sounds with stethoscope
Lubb: first sound is due to blood turbulence cause by closing of the AV valves
Dupp: second sound due to blood turbulence cause by closing of the semilunar valves
- sounds are best heard over the chest at areas slightly away from the actual location of the valves

Human Anatomy (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions