Ch. 8: Light and Optics Flashcards

1
Q

electromagnetic waves

A

electric field and magnetic field vectors that oscillate perpendicular to each other and propagate as transverse waves

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2
Q

electromagnetic spectrum from low frequency/high wavelength to high frequency/low wavelength

A

radio –> AM –> FM –> Microwaves –> IR –> visible light –> UV –> x-rays –> gamma rays

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3
Q

speed of light

A

speed at which all electromagnetic waves travel in a vacuum

c = 3.00 E8 m/s

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4
Q

equation for the speed of light

A

c = frequency * wavelength

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5
Q

wavelengths of the visible spectrum

A

400nm (violet) - 700nm (red)

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6
Q

rectilinear propagation

A

when light travels in a straight line through a homogenous medium

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7
Q

reflection

A

rebounding of incident light waves at the boundary of a medium

bounce of second medium, travel back through first medium

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8
Q

law of reflection

A

theta 1 = theta 2

where theta 1 is the incident angle, theta 2 is the reflected angle and the normal is drawn perpendicular to the boundary medium

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9
Q

real image

A

light converges at the position of the image created by a mirror

Has POSITIVE image distance, in front of the mirror

can be projected onto a screen

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10
Q

virtual image

A

light appears to, but DOES NOT actually, converge at the position of the image created by mirror

Has NEGATIVE image distance, behind the mirror

CANNOT be projected onto a screen

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11
Q

plane mirror surface image

A

flat and reflective surface

always create VIRTUAL images because light remains in parallel and does not converge or diverge

image always appears equal distance behind the mirror as object is in front of it

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12
Q

spherical mirrors

A

concave or convex with

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13
Q

center of curvature

A

where the center of a spherical mirror would be if it were a complete sphere

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14
Q

radius of curvature

A

what the radius of a spherical mirror would be if it were a complete sphere

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15
Q

converging mirrors

A

concave mirrors

cause parallel incident rays to converge after reflection, causing a larger and closer image

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16
Q

diverging mirrors

A

convex mirrors

cause parallel incident rays to diverge after reflection, causing smaller and further images

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17
Q

focal length (f)

A

distance between mirror and focal point (F)

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18
Q

focal length for all spherical mirrors

A

f = r/2

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19
Q

object distance (o)

A

distance between object and mirror

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20
Q

image distance (i)

A

distance between image and mirror

Positive = real image, in front of the mirror
Negative = virtual image, behind the mirror
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21
Q

equation relating focal length, object distance, and image distance

A

1/f = 1/o + 1/i

= 2/r for spherical
= 0 for plane

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22
Q

focal length for all plane mirrors

A

f = infinity

23
Q

equation for magnification (m)

A

m = - i / o

negative = inverted image
positive = upright image
24
Q

where does a ray parallel to the axis reflect

A

thought the focal point

25
where does a ray through the focal point reflect
parallel to the axis
26
where does a ray at the center of the mirror reflect
at same angle relative to normal
27
refraction
bending of light as it passes from one medium into another and changes its speed
28
equation for index of refraction
n = c/v refraction index = speed of light / speed in particular medium
29
snell's law for light that passes from one medium to another
n1 sin theta 1 = n2 sin theta 2
30
where does light bend as it enters a medium with a higher refractive index
n2 > n1...therefore...sin theta 1 > sin theta 2...bends towards normal
31
where does light bend as it enters a medium with a lower refractive index
n1 > n2...therefore...sin theta 2 > sin theta 1...bends away from the normal
32
critical angle
refracted angle theta 2 = 90 degrees refracted angle passes along interface between the two media
33
total internal reflection
occurs when angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle, and refracted light is reflected back into the original medium
34
converging lenses
- thicker at center
35
diverging lenses
- thin at center
36
where does a ray parallel to the axis refract
through the focal point to the front face of the lens
37
where does a ray through or toward the focal point before reaching the lens refract
refracts parallel to the axis
38
where does a ray to the center of the lens refract
continues straight with no refraction
39
lensmaker's equation | thickness is not negligible
1/f = (n - 1)( 1/r1 - 1/r2 ) where r1 is the radius of the first lens surface and r2 is the radius of the second lens surface
40
which kinds of mirrors and lenses are similar and have similar properties
concave mirrors and convex lenses = converging convex mirrors and concave lenses = diverging
41
equation for power of a lens
P = 1/f unit of power is diopters
42
equation for equivalent focal length
1/f = 1/f1 + 1/f2 + 1/f3...
43
equation for equivalent power
1/P = 1/P1 + 1/P2 + 1/P3...
44
spherical aberration
blurring of the periphery of an image as a result of inadequate reflection of parallel beams at the edge of a mirror or inadequate refraction of parallel beams at the edge of a lens
45
dispersion
when various wavelengths of light separate from each other
46
chromatic aberration
dispersive effect within a spherical lens white light is split, causing rainbow images
47
diffraction
the splitting out of light as it passes through a narrow opening or around an obstacle
48
fringe pattern of single slit diffraction with lens
central bright fringe (zeroth) twice as wide as fringes on either side location of dark fringes is a * sin theta = n * wavelength
49
what do bright fringes (maxima) represent
where light waves experience constructive interference
50
what do dark fringes (minima) represent
where light waves experience destructive interference
51
fringe patter of double slit diffraction with lens
central bright fringe (zeroth) equal wide as fringes on either side location of dark fringes is d sin theta = (n + 0.5) * wavelength
52
diffraction gratings
multiple slits arranged in patterns that creates prism-like patterns as different wavelengths interact thin film interference, CDs...
53
plane-polarized light
light with all electric field vectors parallel
54
circular polarized light
light with uniform amplitude and continuously changing direction, causing helical orientation in the propagating waves