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Kaplan Physics > Ch. 8: Light and Optics > Flashcards

Ch. 8: Light and Optics Flashcards

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1
Q

electromagnetic waves

A

electric field and magnetic field vectors that oscillate perpendicular to each other and propagate as transverse waves

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2
Q

electromagnetic spectrum from low frequency/high wavelength to high frequency/low wavelength

A

radio –> AM –> FM –> Microwaves –> IR –> visible light –> UV –> x-rays –> gamma rays

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3
Q

speed of light

A

speed at which all electromagnetic waves travel in a vacuum

c = 3.00 E8 m/s

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4
Q

equation for the speed of light

A

c = frequency * wavelength

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5
Q

wavelengths of the visible spectrum

A

400nm (violet) - 700nm (red)

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6
Q

rectilinear propagation

A

when light travels in a straight line through a homogenous medium

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7
Q

reflection

A

rebounding of incident light waves at the boundary of a medium

bounce of second medium, travel back through first medium

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8
Q

law of reflection

A

theta 1 = theta 2

where theta 1 is the incident angle, theta 2 is the reflected angle and the normal is drawn perpendicular to the boundary medium

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9
Q

real image

A

light converges at the position of the image created by a mirror

Has POSITIVE image distance, in front of the mirror

can be projected onto a screen

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10
Q

virtual image

A

light appears to, but DOES NOT actually, converge at the position of the image created by mirror

Has NEGATIVE image distance, behind the mirror

CANNOT be projected onto a screen

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11
Q

plane mirror surface image

A

flat and reflective surface

always create VIRTUAL images because light remains in parallel and does not converge or diverge

image always appears equal distance behind the mirror as object is in front of it

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12
Q

spherical mirrors

A

concave or convex with

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13
Q

center of curvature

A

where the center of a spherical mirror would be if it were a complete sphere

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14
Q

radius of curvature

A

what the radius of a spherical mirror would be if it were a complete sphere

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15
Q

converging mirrors

A

concave mirrors

cause parallel incident rays to converge after reflection, causing a larger and closer image

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16
Q

diverging mirrors

A

convex mirrors

cause parallel incident rays to diverge after reflection, causing smaller and further images

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17
Q

focal length (f)

A

distance between mirror and focal point (F)

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18
Q

focal length for all spherical mirrors

A

f = r/2

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19
Q

object distance (o)

A

distance between object and mirror

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20
Q

image distance (i)

A

distance between image and mirror

Positive = real image, in front of the mirror
Negative = virtual image, behind the mirror
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21
Q

equation relating focal length, object distance, and image distance

A

1/f = 1/o + 1/i

= 2/r for spherical
= 0 for plane

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22
Q

focal length for all plane mirrors

A

f = infinity

23
Q

equation for magnification (m)

A

m = - i / o

negative = inverted image
positive = upright image
24
Q

where does a ray parallel to the axis reflect

A

thought the focal point

25
Q

where does a ray through the focal point reflect

A

parallel to the axis

26
Q

where does a ray at the center of the mirror reflect

A

at same angle relative to normal

27
Q

refraction

A

bending of light as it passes from one medium into another and changes its speed

28
Q

equation for index of refraction

A

n = c/v

refraction index = speed of light / speed in particular medium

29
Q

snell’s law for light that passes from one medium to another

A

n1 sin theta 1 = n2 sin theta 2

30
Q

where does light bend as it enters a medium with a higher refractive index

A

n2 > n1…therefore…sin theta 1 > sin theta 2…bends towards normal

31
Q

where does light bend as it enters a medium with a lower refractive index

A

n1 > n2…therefore…sin theta 2 > sin theta 1…bends away from the normal

32
Q

critical angle

A

refracted angle theta 2 = 90 degrees

refracted angle passes along interface between the two media

33
Q

total internal reflection

A

occurs when angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle, and refracted light is reflected back into the original medium

34
Q

converging lenses

A
  • thicker at center
35
Q

diverging lenses

A
  • thin at center
36
Q

where does a ray parallel to the axis refract

A

through the focal point to the front face of the lens

37
Q

where does a ray through or toward the focal point before reaching the lens refract

A

refracts parallel to the axis

38
Q

where does a ray to the center of the lens refract

A

continues straight with no refraction

39
Q

lensmaker’s equation

thickness is not negligible

A

1/f = (n - 1)( 1/r1 - 1/r2 )

where r1 is the radius of the first lens surface and r2 is the radius of the second lens surface

40
Q

which kinds of mirrors and lenses are similar and have similar properties

A

concave mirrors and convex lenses = converging

convex mirrors and concave lenses = diverging

41
Q

equation for power of a lens

A

P = 1/f

unit of power is diopters

42
Q

equation for equivalent focal length

A

1/f = 1/f1 + 1/f2 + 1/f3…

43
Q

equation for equivalent power

A

1/P = 1/P1 + 1/P2 + 1/P3…

44
Q

spherical aberration

A

blurring of the periphery of an image as a result of inadequate reflection of parallel beams at the edge of a mirror or inadequate refraction of parallel beams at the edge of a lens

45
Q

dispersion

A

when various wavelengths of light separate from each other

46
Q

chromatic aberration

A

dispersive effect within a spherical lens

white light is split, causing rainbow images

47
Q

diffraction

A

the splitting out of light as it passes through a narrow opening or around an obstacle

48
Q

fringe pattern of single slit diffraction with lens

A

central bright fringe (zeroth) twice as wide as fringes on either side

location of dark fringes is
a * sin theta = n * wavelength

49
Q

what do bright fringes (maxima) represent

A

where light waves experience constructive interference

50
Q

what do dark fringes (minima) represent

A

where light waves experience destructive interference

51
Q

fringe patter of double slit diffraction with lens

A

central bright fringe (zeroth) equal wide as fringes on either side

location of dark fringes is d sin theta = (n + 0.5) * wavelength

52
Q

diffraction gratings

A

multiple slits arranged in patterns that creates prism-like patterns as different wavelengths interact

thin film interference, CDs…

53
Q

plane-polarized light

A

light with all electric field vectors parallel

54
Q

circular polarized light

A

light with uniform amplitude and continuously changing direction, causing helical orientation in the propagating waves

Kaplan Physics (7 decks)

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