Ch. 8. Learning & Forgetting Flashcards
What is a mnemonic strategy involving grouping of items into familiar groupings?
Categorization
What occurs when remembering is disrupted by related memories?
Interference
Which strategy involves the formation of vivid and bizarre images of items to be recalled as mixed in some way?
Interacting images
What is the term given to the effect whereby the context at recall is similar to the context at encoding then memory will be enhanced.
Encoding specificity principle.
Which effect describes when memory is better when mood at learning is reinstated at testing?
Mood-dependent memory effect
Who was one of the first to study learning and forgetting, using himself as the sole subject?
Ebbinghaus
What is the name given to a vivid memory of a dramatic event and of the circumstances in which the event was experienced or heard about?
Flashbulb memory
Recently, typical studies of interference in long-term remembering have used the ______ paradigm, which is often used in the study of learning.
paired associates learning
What is the mnemonic strategy in which a familiar route is imagined and images of the items are recalled and linked to landmarks on the route?
Method of loci
What occurs if memory is better when the external environment at testing is the same as at learning?
context effects
What is defined as the process by which old memories become destabilized during retrieval and therefore susceptible to modifications.
reconsolidation
Which paradigm, developed by Anderson et al. (1994), produces the effect whereby retrieval practice impairs recall of unpractised category members?
Retrieval induced forgetting
What occurs when later learning impairs memory for earlier learning?
Retroactive interference
What is the mental representation of stored information?
Memory trace
One view of the cause of the ‘spacing effect’ is that massed presentation leads to deficient processing of the second presentation – that we simply do not pay much attention to the later presentations. Which view is this?
Deficient processing view
A hypothesis that propoese that concrete words can be encoded both verbally and by images representing their meaning, are easier to remember.
Dual coding hypothesis
Interference
occurs when remembering is disrupted by related memories.
Proactive interference
occurs when previous learning impairs later learning.
Retroactive interference
occurs when later learning impairs memory for earlier learning.
2 Neuropsychologigal mechanisms that can explain consolidation and decay
LTP and LTD
Long time potentiation and Long term depression
the beneficial effect on memory that can be the result of a period of sleep or inactivity following a study period, or even the result of taking certain drugs.
Retrograde facilitation
An important factor for anterograde amnesia
hightened susceptibility to retroactive inference, since it prevents consolidation
3 functional approaches to forgetting
- Retrieval induced forgetting (RIF)
- Direct forgetting (DF)
- Think/ no-think (TNT)
The recovered memory controversy
Freud
Er det mulig? Kontroversielt
Lofthus- -false memory paradigme, incorporated misinformation
McNally- -Minnet ekte men glemt da det ikke opplevdes traumatisk da det skjedde ( mer forvirrende) .. først i voksen alder man ser alvoret (av feks overgrep).
effective study teckniques
deep processing
elaborative interrogation
self testing
Why do we remember flasbulb memories better?
Due to rehersal, more than the unicness of the event
N
