Ch. 12. Problem solving

Question 1

Stages of Representational change (theory of insight)

Answer 1

1. Problem perception
2. Problem solving
3. Impasse
4. Restructuring
5. Partial Insight
6. Full insight

Question 2

Wallas stage analysis (creative thinking)

Answer 2

1 Preparation
2 Incubation
3 Intimation (feeling that illumination is close)
4 Illumination
5 Verification

not all problems gpes through this stages in strict order

Question 3

How does incubation work? (3 hypothesis)

Answer 3

1. intermittent concious work (no evidence)
2. Unconcious work (evidence)
3. fresh look (decay of irrelevance in WM)

Question 4

What types of problems is there?

Answer 4

Well defined, ille defined

Large scale, small scale

Adversayr, non- adversary

Knowledge rich, knowledge lean

Question 5

Which word describes a tendency to persist with one approach to a problem?

Answer 5

Set

Question 6

What is the term given to the re-structuring of a problem which makes the solution obvious?

Answer 6

insight

Question 7

What term describes a problem in which the solver is dealing with inert problem materials with no rational opponent?

Answer 7

Non-adversary problems

Question 8

Which word describes the difficulty in thinking of a novel use for a familiar object?

Answer 8

Functional fixedness

Question 9

With which problem will the ‘hill climbing’ method not work well?

Answer 9

Detour problems

Question 10

What is a problem solving method that often finds a low effort solution but is not guaranteed to solve?

Answer 10

hauristics

Question 11

What are heuristics?

Name name 3 types of heuristics

Answer 11

Mental shortcuts that ease cognitive load when making a decision (“rule of
thumb”). Prone to biases

• Availability heuristic:
• Representativeness heuristics
• Recognition heuristic

Question 12

Which way of thinking likens problem solving to seeing new patterns?

Answer 12

Gestalt approach

Question 13

In which kind of problems are available actions or goals underspecified?

Answer 13

ill-defined problems

Question 14

Which term describes a period in which a problem is set aside, after trying unsuccessfully to solve it?

Answer 14

incubation

Question 15

What is the accumulation of high level knowledge that allows outstanding performance in complex problem areas? how long time does it usually takes?

Answer 15

expertise

10 year rule

Question 16

What stimulates the production of unusual ideas, by stressing quantity against quality and deferment of evaluation of ideas?

Answer 16

brainstorming

Question 17

2 principles and 4 rules of brainstorming

Answer 17

Prsinciples:
- utsett dom
- kvantitet fremfor kvalitet

4 regler:
- 0 kritikk
- freeweeling
- quantity is wanted
- combinations and improvemet wanted

Question 18

Which model of creative thinking stresses the role of a generative and exploratory phase?

Answer 18

Geneplore

Question 19

Which model of creative thinking focus on slowing the search in working memory and enhance representation and analyse whats in the incubation through familiarization?

Answer 19

Simon model

Question 20

Which model of creative thinking uses evolusion as analogy?

Answer 20

Blind variation and selective retention model

Question 21

2 approches to problem solving

Answer 21

gestalt and information process approch

Question 22

What is problem space, state action space and goal subgoal space?

Answer 22

problem space =
abstract representation of possible states of problems

a state-action space =
a representation of how problems can ble transformed from starting state through intermediate states to the goal (algoritmisk, vil finne svar men krever mye arbeid/WM).

Goal-subgoal space =
brake down goal to subgoal (mean ends analysis, tower of london task, krever visio-spatial WM).