Ch. 8 - Development

Question 1

cognitive development - tower of Hanoi

Answer 1

frontal lobe injuries prevent the ability to solve.

Question 2

enriched environment theory and theorist

Answer 2

Hebb, 1947 - father of neuropsychoogy
rats with toys were smarter, developed better, recovered better, and had more complex behavior

Question 3

SES impact on development

Answer 3

Noble et al. 2015 study
lower SES linked to lower surface area of the frontal, temporal, parietal lobes of the brain.

Question 4

ACEs

Answer 4

traumatic events from 0-17 years
50x more likely to attempt suicide and acquire addictions
stress INCREASES rate of development
could lead to chronic health issues

Question 5

ACEs - romanian orphans

Answer 5

in the 1970s, over 100,000 orphans in romania due to ban of contraception and abortion led to chronic infections, impairment, and abuse due to neglect.
adoption before 2 years of age: amazing recovery

Question 6

embryos (brain and stages)

Answer 6

3 chambers to the brain
- forebrain (prosencephalon)
- midbrain (mesencephalon)
- hindbrain (rhombencephalon)

stages
- zygote: fertilization to 2 wks
- embryo: 2-8 weeks
- fetus: 9 weeks to birth

Question 7

milestones of prenatal CNS development + structures (3 days, 3 weeks, 2 plates)

Answer 7

day 1: fertilization
day 2: division
day 15: embryonic disc forms

7 weeks: embryo looks human
28 weeks/7 months: gyri and sulci form
36 weeks/9 months: brain LOOKS developed

• neural plate: forms the neural tube
  ** neural tube: eventually forms brain and spinal cord

Question 8

stem cells and terminology (___ potency)

Answer 8

reproduce into:
- stem cells
- progenitor cells (fat, bone, white blood cells)

TOTIPOTENT: most general, sources embryonic/placenta cells
PLURIPOTENT: may differentiate to all cell types except placenta
MULTIPOTENT: variety of differentiation possibilities
UNIPOTENT: most specific, single-lineage cells i.e. sperm cell

Question 9

origins of neurons and glia: neuroblasts and glioblasts

Answer 9

neuroblast: progenitor that can ONLY create neurons.
- forms into stellate cells or pyramidal neurons

glioblast: progenitor that can ONLY create glial cells
- forms into oligodendria or astrocytes

Question 10

stages of brain development
1. CELL BIRTH

Answer 10

aka neurogenesis
6-25 weeks of gestation

Question 11

stages of brain development:
2. NEURAL MIGRATION

Answer 11

8-29 weeks gestation
migrating neurons move along radial glial cells in subventricular zone
moves upwards towards primitive/tangenital cortex
arrives at brain surface

Question 12

stages of brain development:
3. DIFFERENTIATION

Answer 12

8-29 weeks gestation
where stem cells specialize
intrinsic: inherited
extrinsic: learned/environmental

Question 13

stages of brain development:
4. NEURAL MATURATION (growth and cones)

Answer 13

week 20 of gestation onward
- dendritic growth: arborization
- axonal extension: 1000x faster than arborization, use of growth cones

growth cones: lamellipodium and filopedia, by Roman y Cajal. cued by cell adhesion molecules or tropic molecules

Question 14

stages of brain development:
5. SYNAPTOGENESIS

Answer 14

month 5 of gestation: simple
month 7 of gestation: layer 6 complete (complex)
post birth: visual cortex

Question 15

stages of brain development:
6. CELL DEATH/SYNAPTIC PRUNING

Answer 15

“chisels”
apoptosis: genetically programmed suicide
necrosis: poison/damage causes death

Question 16

stages of brain development:
7. MYELOGENESIS

Answer 16

continues through life, radial glia act as the scaffold.
majority happens at birth.