CH. 2 - Anatomy of Nervous System

Question 1

brain injury

Answer 1

agenisis (failure to develop) of cerebellum: could be linked to autism.
ataxia: motor coordination failure

Question 2

brain plasticity

Answer 2

changing neuropathways when learning, although no new neurons form in one’s lifetime.

Question 3

brain - anatomical orientation planes

Answer 3

coronal: cut in half vertically
horizontal: cut in half horizontally
sagittal: cut in half the long way, horizontally

Question 4

brain - spatial orientation

Answer 4

anterior: front
posterior/caudal: back
dorsal/superior: upwards
ventral/inferior: downwards
medial: towards the midline
lateral: outwards/away from the midline

Question 5

brain - cerebral cortex aka forebrain

Answer 5

frontal - FRONT, planning, emotions, memory, judging, MOST COMPLEX
parietal - ON TOP, somatosensory, attention
occipital - BACK, visual processing
temporal - BOTTOM, hearing and learning

allocortex: emotional
neo-cortex: perception, planning
basal ganglia: consists of caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, CONTROLS voluntary movements
hippocampus: seahorse-shaped, converts short term mem. to long term

Question 6

gyri (gyrus) and sulci (sulcus)

Answer 6

gyri: bumps of brain
sulci AKA FISSURES: folds of brain, LATERAL/LONGITUDINAL (divides temporal from frontal), CENTRAL (divides frontal from parietal).

Question 7

corpus callosum, grey matter, white matter

Answer 7

corpus callosum: splits R and L hemispheres
white matter: found INSIDE brain, containing myelinated axons
grey matter: found OUTSIDE brain, containing dendrites and capillaries

Question 8

brain - layers of protection and diseases

Answer 8

1. skull (bone)
2. dura mater (meninge)
3. arachnoid membrane (meninge)
4. pia mater (meninge)
5. subarachnoid space (CSF)

*** 2,3,4: MENINGES

meningitis: inflammation of the meninges
encephalitis: infection of the brain itself

Question 9

brain - 4 hindbrain structures

Answer 9

reticular formation: net of nuclei/fiber
pons: a bridge between the cerebellum and brain
medulla: vital, subconscious functions
cerebellum: voluntary movement, coordination, balance, contains 80% of neurons

Question 10

brain - 2 midbrain structures

Answer 10

tectum: SENSORY, dorsal
tegmentum: MOTOR, ventral

Question 11

brainstem - 3 diencephalon structures and functions

Answer 11

INTEGRATES SENSORY AND MOTOR INFO
thalamus: relay centre
pituitary gland: secretes specific hormones
hypothalamus: controls hormones via pit. gland

Question 12

nervous system - organization

Answer 12

CNS (brain, spinal cord, retina) and PNS (consisting of somatic NS, autonomic NS, enteric NS)

Question 13

central nervous system: spinal cord structure and function, and the Law of Bell & Magendie

Answer 13

controls automatic responses
sections (top-down): cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal.
nerves correspond with a dermatome.
Law of Bell & Magendie: posterior root = afferent sensory info; anterior root = efferent motor info

Question 14

PNS: somatic NS

Answer 14

voluntary movement
uses spinal (12 pairs) and cranial nerves

Question 15

PNS: autonomic NS

Answer 15

ALL REFLEX, involuntary
consists of sympathetic (fight/flight) and parasympathetic (rest/digest)
these systems exert OPPOSING effects to function within the body

Question 16

nervous system: sensory input

Answer 16

incoming afferent info
uses receptors of CNS to transport to the brain and spinal cord

Question 17

nervous system: integration

Answer 17

interpretation of sensory signals, formulates a response

Question 18

nervous system: motor output

Answer 18

outgoing efferent info
sends commands to effector cells to carry out a response
command: CNS
response: PNS

Question 19

what circuits are NOT crossed?

Answer 19

olfaction, ANS, SNS, ENS