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Airplane Flying Handbook > Ch. 8 Approaches And Landings > Flashcards

Ch. 8 Approaches And Landings Flashcards

1
Q

Normally where is the selected landing point?

A

Beyond the runway’s threshold, but within the first third of the runway.

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2
Q

What are the five phases of the landing?

A
  1. The base leg
  2. The final approach
  3. The round out (flare)
  4. The touchdown
  5. The after-landing roll
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3
Q

When should you put gear down and the before-landing checklist be completed?

A

Prior to base leg.

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4
Q

If there is a strong wind on final or you’re using more flaps then where should your base leg be?

A

Positioned closer to the runway.

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5
Q

What speed should you be at on base leg?

A

1.4*Vso

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6
Q

Are full flaps recommended on base leg?

A

No, not until you’re on final should you apply full flaps.

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7
Q

What bank of turn should be used when turning final?

A

Medium to shallow-banked turn to line up centerline on the landing runway.

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8
Q

What speed should you be at on final?

A

1.3*Vso

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9
Q

What is a stabilized approach?

A

It’s an approach where the pilot establishes and maintains a constant angle glide path towards a predetermined point on the landing runway. It depends on the pilot’s judgement of certain visual cues, and depends on a constant final approach airspeed and configuration.

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10
Q

What is an aiming point?

A

It is the point on the ground at which, if the airplane maintains a constant glide path and was not flared for landing would contact the ground.

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11
Q

Should you ever try to stretch a glide by pulling aft on the yoke?

A

No. Any speed other than best glide will result in a shorter glide path.

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12
Q

What is the objective of a good, stabilized final approach?

A

To descend at an angle and airspeed that permits the airplane to reach the desired touchdown point at an airspeed that results in minimum floating just before touchdown; in essence, a semi-stalled condition.

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13
Q

If you’re too high on final what should you do?

A

Reduce power and lower your nose.

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14
Q

What should you do if you’re too low on final?

A

Add power and raise your nose.

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15
Q

What are three advantages of using flaps?

A
  1. Produce greater lift and permitting lower landing speed.
  2. Producing greater drag, permitting a steeper descent angle without airspeed increase.
  3. Reducing length of the landing roll.
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16
Q

What can happen when lowering flaps do initially to pitch attitude?

A

Can cause a nose-down pitching moment due to the increased camber and the production of lift primarily on the rear of the wings. (PA-44)

However the change in tail loads from the down wash off of the flaps can have a significant influence on the pitching moment, causing a nose-up pitching moment (C172).

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17
Q

What flap setting primarily produces lift with minimal drag?

A

15 degrees

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18
Q

What position should your head be in when on final approach to all the way after landing?

A

Natural, straight-ahead position.

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19
Q

Where should visual focus be on the final approach and landing?

A

Focus isn’t fixed on any one side or any one spot ahead of the airplane. It’s changed slowly from a point just over the airplane’s nose to the desired touchdown zone and back again.

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20
Q

How do you gauge your lateral distance from the runway edges?

A

Using your peripheral field of vision.

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21
Q

Accurate estimation of distance is dependent upon what?

A

How clearly objects are seen.

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22
Q

How far in front of the airplane should your vision be focused?

A

Far enough that important objects stand out as clearly as possible.

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23
Q

What can happen if the pilot attempts to focus on a reference that is too close or looks directly down?

A

The reference will be blurred, and the reaction by the pilot will be too abrupt or too late. The pilot will have a tendency to over-control, round out high, and make full-stall, drop-in landings.

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24
Q

If the pilot focuses too far ahead when landing what can happen?

A

Accuracy in judging the closeness of the ground is lost and the consequent reaction is too slow. This results in the airplane flying into the ground nose first.

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25
Q

During the landing process how should your focus change?

A

Focus is changed gradually, being brought progressively closer as speed is reduced.

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26
Q

When should you start your round out?

A

10 to 20 feet above the ground.

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27
Q

When do you cut power during the landing process?

A

During the round out.

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28
Q

How fast should you round out?

A

The round out is executed at a rate that the proper landing attitude and the proper touchdown airspeed are attained simultaneously just as the wheels contact the landing surface.

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29
Q

What are some visual cues that you can use to tell how close you are to the runway?

A
  1. Location of your visual interception point with assessment of how fast objects are flowing past the runway.
  2. Similarity of appearance of height above the runway ahead of the airplane (in comparison to the way it looked when the airplane was taxied prior to takeoff)
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30
Q

Once the round out has started should you ever push the yoke forward?

A

No. If you need, either relax aft pressure or hold the yoke constant to correct for error.

31
Q

What can you do to help prevent an excessive sink rate or stall?

A

Advance the throttle slightly.

32
Q

At what speed should you be at touchdown?

A

Minimum controllable airspeed

33
Q

What is minimum controllable airspeed?

A

The speed at which any increase in angle of attack, increase in load factor, or reduction in power will result in a stall.

34
Q

What is a common technique to making a smooth touchdown?

A

Focus on holding the wheels of the aircraft a few inches off the ground as long as possible using the elevators while the power is smoothly reduced to idle.

35
Q

After the main wheels make initial contact with the ground what should the pilot do?

A

Maintain back-elevator to maintain a positive AOA for aerodynamic braking and to hold off the nose wheel off the ground until the airplane decelerates.

36
Q

It’s extremely important that the touchdown occur with which of the airplane’s axis parallel to the direction in which the airplane is moving along the runway?

A

Longitudinal axis

37
Q

What is an important factor in obtaining optimum braking performance?

A

Putting maximum weight on the wheels after touchdown.

38
Q

Maximum braking effectiveness is just short of what point?

A

Skidding the tires.

39
Q

How are ailerons used during landing?

A

The same way in flight. If a wing starts to rise, aileron control is applied toward that wing to lower it.

40
Q

How do you know you’re below glide path?

A

Your aiming spot moves higher in the windscreen.

41
Q

How do you know you’re high on final?

A

You aiming spot moves lower in the windscreen.

42
Q

For a constant angle glide path, the distance between the horizon and the aiming point remains what?

A

Constant

43
Q

Other than using the visual glide slope indicator (VGSI) how can a pilot tell if they’re on the proper glide path?

A

The trapezoidal shape of the runway will appear the same proportions all the way to round out.

44
Q

Immediately after rolling out on final approach what should the pilot do?

A

Adjust the pitch attitude and power so that the airplane is descending directly toward the aiming point at the appropriate airspeed, in the landing configuration, and trimmed for “hands off” flight.

45
Q

On final approach where should the pilot be looking?

A

Do not stare at any one place, but rather scan one point to another, such as from aiming point to horizon, to the trees and bushes along the runway, to an area well short of the runway, and back to the aiming point.

46
Q

When adjusting glide path to desired aiming point what must be constant?

A

Airspeed. The pitch and power change, therefore, must be made smoothly and simultaneously.

47
Q

What is a slip?

A

It’s when the bank angle is too steep for the existing rate of turn.

48
Q

What are intentional slips used for?

A

Dissipate altitude without increasing airspeed and/or to adjust airplane ground track during crosswind landing.

49
Q

An airplane in a slip is flying:

A

Sideways, which results in a change in direction that the relative wind strikes the airplane.

50
Q

What is a forward slip?

A

One in which the airplane’s direction of motion continues the same as before the slip was begun.

51
Q

Are stall characteristics as bad in a slip as compared to a skid?

A

No. As a matter of fact they may be improved.

52
Q

When does a go-around become dangerous?

A

When delayed unduly or executed improperly.

53
Q

Delay in initiating the go-around normally stems from two sources. What are they?

A
  1. Landing expectancy or set

2. Pride

54
Q

When conducting a go-around why must caution be used in retracting flaps?

A

A sudden and complete retraction of flaps could cause a loss of lift resulting in the airplane settling into the ground.

55
Q

Why should you retract the flaps (at least partially) before retracting gear?

A
  1. Full flaps produce more drag than landing gear.
  2. In case the airplane inadvertently touches down as the go-around is initiated; it is most desirable to have the gear down and locked.
56
Q

Which way should ailerons be positioned when landing with a crosswind?

A

Turn yoke into the wind (with headwind)

57
Q

When using the wing-low technique to land with a crosswind how should you position the controls?

A

Turn aileron into the wind and apply enough rudder to keep longitudinal axis parallel with the landing runway.

58
Q

If while using the wing-low method to land that the required bank is such that full opposite rudder does not prevent a turn then what should the pilot do?

A

The wind is too strong to safely land the airplane on that particular runway with those wind conditions.

59
Q

When landing with a crosswind what will happen to control effectiveness as you slow down?

A

Control effectiveness will decrease and therefore more control deflection will be needed.

60
Q

Particularly during the after-landing roll in crosswind landings, special attention must be given to maintaining directional control by use of what?

A

Utilizing the rudder or nose-wheel steering, while keeping the upwind wing from rising by use of aileron.

61
Q

When landing in turbulent or gusty conditions why do you land with less flaps?

A

The airplane is at a higher pitch attitude, thus requiring less of a pitch change to establish the landing attitude and touchdown at a higher airspeed to ensure more positive control.

62
Q

How should the pilot fly the traffic pattern for a short-field landing?

A

Use a slightly wider than normal pattern. This will give a longer final approach so that the airplane can be properly configured and trimmed.

63
Q

What approach speed should the pilot fly for a short-field landing?

A

1.3*Vso

64
Q

In gusty air how should the pilot adjust the approach speed?

A

Add one half the gust factor to 1.3*Vso.

65
Q

What is the objective of power-off accuracy approaches?

A

Instill in the pilot the judgement and procedures necessary for accurately flying the airplane, without power, to a safe landing.

66
Q

What is the key position in a power-off accuracy approach?

A

It is a convenient point in the air from which the pilot can judge whether the glide safely terminates at the desired spot.

67
Q

Where is the key position on a 90 degree accuracy approach to landing?

A

On base leg when the intended landing spot appears to be on a 45 degree angle from the airplane’s nose.

68
Q

How can the pilot determine the strength and direction of the wind?

A

From the amount of crab necessary to hold the desired ground track on base leg and the amount of sideways drift looking straight ahead on base leg.

69
Q

At the 45 degree key position what do you do while performing a 90 degree accuracy approach to landing?

A
  1. The throttle is closed completely.
  2. Prop control advanced to full RPM
  3. Altitude maintained until airspeed decreases to manufacturer’s recommended glide speed or 1.4*Vso
  4. Trim
70
Q

When on final approach for a 90 degree accuracy approach to landing what does the pilot do?

A
  1. Flaps lowered
  2. Airspeed adjusted to 1.3*Vso
  3. Trim
71
Q

Where is the downwind key position on a 180 degree accuracy approach to landing?

A

Abeam the landing point.

72
Q

What speed is maintained at the downwind key position during a 180 degree approach to landing?

A

Manufacturer’s recommended glide speed or 1.4*Vso.

73
Q

During a 180 degree accuracy approach to landing how should the pilot position the base leg?

A

To conserve or dissipate altitude so as to reach the desired landing spot.

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