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Airplane Flying Handbook > Ch. 3 Basic Flight Maneuvers > Flashcards

Ch. 3 Basic Flight Maneuvers Flashcards

1
Q

How should the pilot grip the controls?

A

Lightly. The thumb and two fingers should be enough.

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2
Q

With what part of the hand should pressure be applied to the controls?

A

With the fingers.

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3
Q

How should the feet be positioned on the rudder pedals?

A

Both heels should support the weight of the feet on the cockpit floor with the ball of each foot touching the individual rudder pedals. Legs and feet should be relaxed.

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4
Q

How should pressure be applied on the rudder pedals?

A

Smoothly and evenly by pressing with the ball of one foot.

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5
Q

How should the feet be positioned on the rudder pedals on the ground?

A

With the heels on the rudder pedals and the toes over the brakes. That way when brakes are needed pressure can be applied with the toes.

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6
Q

What is “feeling the airplane”?

A

The ability to sense a flight condition, such as straight-and-level flight or a dive, without relying on cockpit instrumentation.

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7
Q

An airplane’s attitude is determined by the angular difference between what?

A

The specific airplane’s axis and the natural horizon.

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8
Q

What is a false horizon?

A

When the natural horizon is obscured or not readily apparent. The pilot confuses another feature as the natural horizon.

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9
Q

What is pitch attitude?

A

The angle formed between the airplane’s longitudinal axis and the natural horizon.

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10
Q

What is bank attitude?

A

The angle formed by airplane’s lateral axis and the natural horizon.

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11
Q

When flying in VMC a pilot uses what to establish the airplane’s attitude?

A

They use their eyes and visually reference the airplane’s wings and cowling to the natural horizon.

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12
Q

What is “integrated flight instruction”?

A

The use of outside references and flight instruments to establish and maintain desired flight attitudes and airplane performance.

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13
Q

What are the basic elements of integrated flight instruction?

A
  1. The pilot visually controls the airplane’s attitude in reference outside to the natural horizon (90% of attention is outside the aircraft)
  2. If corrections need to be made to the airplane’s attitude they are made and verified by reference to the flight instruments.
  3. Quick snapshots (10% of pilot’s attention) are used to check performance.
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14
Q

What is straight-and-level flight?

A

Flight in which heading and altitude are constantly maintained.

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15
Q

How should a pilot position their seat in the aircraft before starting the plane?

A
  1. Close enough to fully depress the rudder pedals without straining or moving your butt.
  2. High enough to see adequately over the instrument panel while sitting in a normal manner.
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16
Q

What is the basic procedure for maintaining straight-and-level flight?

A

Consciously fixing the relationship of a reference point on the airplane in relation to the natural horizon.

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17
Q

If using a dry erase marker to establish reference lines where should vertical reference lines be established?

A

On the ground.

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18
Q

If using a dry erase marker to establish reference points, where should horizontal reference lines be established?

A

In the air.

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19
Q

Will your horizon reference point ever change?

A

No.

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20
Q

What reference points do you use to maintain a constant heading?

A

Visually checking the lateral level relationship of the airplane’s wingtips to the natural horizon. Both wingtips should be level and equally above or below the natural horizon.

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21
Q

Any necessary bank corrections are made how?

A

Coordinated use of BOTH ailerons and rudder.

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22
Q

How is the pitch attitude for level flight obtained?

A

Being properly seated, the pilot selects a point toward the airplane’s nose as a reference, and then keeps that reference in a fixed position relative to the natural horizon. Cross check with flight instruments.

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23
Q

Elevator trim is used to maintain a specific what?

A

Angle of attack. Airspeed will also be held constant.

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24
Q

In airplanes with multiple trim axes what order should you trim?

A

Rudder, elevator, and then aileron.

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25
Q

What is the process for trimming?

A
  1. Establish constant airspeed and pitch attitude
  2. Hold wings level while rudder control pressure is trimmed out.
  3. Trim elevator.
  4. Trim ailerons.
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26
Q

What moves the airplane in a turn?

A

The horizontal component of lift.

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27
Q

What is a shallow turn?

A

Bank angle is approximately 20 degrees or less.

28
Q

What is a medium turn?

A

Bank between 20 to 45 degrees.

29
Q

What is a steep turn?

A

Bank of 45 degrees or more.

30
Q

Why does the plane continue to bank in a steep turn?

A

Because of overbanking tendency due to the outside wing traveling faster than the inside wing, therefore producing more lift on the outside wing.

31
Q

Why does the pilot need to increase the AOA in a turn?

A

To compensate for the loss of vertical lift.

32
Q

Why does the pilot need to increase power in a turn?

A

To compensate for the added drag from increased AOA used to remain level in the turn.

33
Q

What causes the airplane to initially yaw in the opposite direction when making a turn?

A

Adverse yaw.

34
Q

What is adverse yaw?

A

The up wing in a turn is creating more lift and therefore more drag. This drag yaws the airplane in the opposition direction of the turn.

35
Q

How does the pilot correct for adverse yaw?

A

Coordinated use of rudder with the aileron.

36
Q

During uncoordinated flight how may the pilot feel a skid?

A

If they feel like they’re being pushed sideways towards the outside of the turn.

37
Q

How may a pilot feel they are in a slip?

A

If they feel they are being pushed towards the inside of the turn.

38
Q

The rate of turn at any given true airspeed depends on what?

A

The horizontal component of lift.

39
Q

Why does overbanking tendency generally only happen with steep turns?

A

As the radius of the turn becomes smaller, a significant difference develops between the airspeed of the inside wing and the airspeed of the outside wing.

40
Q

What causes the references in a left turn to look different than in a right turn?

A

Parallax error.

41
Q

If the desired bank is shallow what will the pilot have to do to maintain bank angle?

A

Maintain a small amount of aileron pressure into the direction of the bank including rudder to compensate for yaw effects.

42
Q

If the desired bank is medium what will the pilot have to do to maintain bank angle?

A

The ailerons and rudder should be neutralized.

43
Q

If the desired bank is steep what will the pilot have to do to maintain bank angle?

A

The pilot will have to apply opposite aileron and rudder to prevent the bank from steepening.

44
Q

Steep turn performance can be improved by appropriate application of what?

A

Power to overcome the increase in drag and trimming additional elevator back pressure as the bank angle goes beyond 30 degrees.

45
Q

The amount of lead required to rollout on the desired heading is:

A

Lead by one-half the angle of bank.

46
Q

The pilot should know engine power settings, natural horizon pitch attitudes, and flight instrument indications for what types of climbs?

A
  1. Normal climb
  2. Best rate climb
  3. Best angle of climb
47
Q

There is a point at which the best angle of climb airspeed and the best rate of climb airspeed intersect. What is it?

A

Absolute ceiling of the airplane.

48
Q

How should the pilot enter a climb?

A

Simultaneously raise the nose to desired pitch attitude referenced against natural horizon while increasing power to climb setting.

49
Q

Why is more power is needed in a climb?

A

“Increased lift will generate more induced drag. That increase in induced drag is why more power is needed.” AFH 3-17

50
Q

What will happen to naturally aspirated engines’ power as altitude is increased?

A

Decrease power as density altitude increases.

51
Q

As the airplane’s AOA is increased what happens to the propeller’s center of thrust?

A

It moves to the right due to p-factor.

52
Q

Since power is fixed in a climb how is airspeed controlled?

A

By use of elevator pressure.

53
Q

When should the pilot begin leveling off from a climb or descent?

A

10% of their rate of climb.

54
Q

After the airplane is established in level flight climb power should be retained temporarily. Why?

A

So that airspeed can be allowed to increase.

55
Q

With a constant power setting the same pitch attitude and airspeed cannot be maintained in a bank. Why?

A

Due to increase in total lift required.

56
Q

With a constant power setting why does airspeed increase in a descent?

A

Induced drag is reduced.

57
Q

The pilot should know the engine power settings, natural horizon pitch attitudes, and flight instrument indications that produce what descents?

A
  1. Partial power descent
  2. Descent at minimum safe airspeed
  3. Emergency descent
58
Q

What is a glide?

A

A basic maneuver in which the airplane loses altitude in a controlled descent with little or no engine power.

59
Q

Best glide speed is used for what?

A

Maximum forward distance for a given loss of altitude.

60
Q

Where does the best glide speed occur?

A

At the highest lift-to-drag ratio (L/Dmax)

61
Q

If two planes of different weight but same glide ratios are gliding which one will glide further?

A

They’ll both glide the same forward distance. Weight does not affect the glide distance, only the glide ratio does.

62
Q

What is minimum sink speed?

A

The speed used to maximize the time that the airplane will remain in flight.

63
Q

Where does minimum sink speed occur?

A

At an airspeed less than best glide speed. Most manufacturers don’t list this speed though.

64
Q

Why must a pilot never try to “stretch” a glide by applying back-elevator pressure?

A

Because with a constant power setting and application of back pressure the airplane will slow from best glide speed. Any airspeed other than best glide will result in less forward distance traveled.

65
Q

When entering a glide should the pilot apply back pressure and gain altitude until best glide speed is attained?

A

No. The pilot should maintain altitude with the throttle at idle until best glide is attained. Then descend at that speed.

66
Q

What is a normal glide?

A

A stabilized, power-off descent at the best glide speed.

67
Q

What are some references that the pilot can use to determine if best glide speed is maintained?

A
  1. Sounds
  2. Visual references compared to natural horizon
  3. Pressure on controls

Airplane Flying Handbook (9 decks)

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