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Intro To Archaeology > Ch. 8 -- After The Ice > Flashcards

Ch. 8 -- After The Ice Flashcards

1
Q

Agricultural Revolution

A

Period of fundamental change in human economy marked by a shift from foraging wild foods to the production of domesticated plants and animals

After ~12 kya

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2
Q

Archaic

A

Chronological period in the New World that follows the Paleoindian period

End of Pleistocene, cultural adaptation period to new, post glacial environment

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3
Q

Artificial selection

A

Process used in the domestication and refinement of plants and animals whereby human beings select which members of a species will live and produce offspring

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4
Q

Australian Small Tool Phase

A

Cultural phase begin I g in Australia around 6 kya & became widespread w/in ~1 Kay

Production of blade tools = more efficient use of stone

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5
Q

Backed blade

A

Stone blade tool in which one edge has been dulled or “backed” so it can be more readily held in the hand while being used

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6
Q

Camelid

A

Large ruminant animal including bachtrian and dromedary camels in the Old World and llamas, alpacas, guanacos, & vicuñas in the New World

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7
Q

Capsian

A

Northwest African culture dating to after 10 kya

Characterized by hunting of wild sheep, collection of shellfish & snails, & the harvesting of wild grains

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8
Q

Carrying capacity

A

The number of organisms a given region or habitat can support without degrading the environment

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9
Q

Cereal

A

Plants, esp grasses, that produce starchy grains

Among the first domesticated foods produced during the Neolithic

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10
Q

Complex foraging

A

A system of bi ting animals and gathering wild plants in which subsistence is focused on a few, highly productive resources

Collected & stored, allowing for a more sedentary settlement system

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11
Q

Domesticated

A

A plant or animal that has been altered by human beings through selective breeding

Some can no longer survive without human intervention

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12
Q

Domestication

A

Through artificial selection, the production of new species of plants and animals that owe their existence to human intervention

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13
Q

Egalitarian

A

Social systems in which all members of the same age/sex category are equal in the sense that they all possess the same amount of wealth, social standing, and political influence

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14
Q

Einkorn

A

Variety of wheat

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15
Q

Emmer

A

A variety of wheat

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16
Q

Fertile Crescent

A

A crescent-shaped region extending from the eastern Mediterranean coast of modern Israel, Lebanon, and Syria, north into the Zagros Mountains, and then south toward the Persian Gulf

Area marked by an abundance of wild cereal grain at the beginning of the Holocene

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17
Q

Hoabinhian

A

Southeast Asian Mesolithic stone-tool tradition based on the manufacture of tools from chipped pebbles

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18
Q

Holocene Warm Maximum

A

Period when worldwide temperatures rose beginning about 8,700 ya

Temps higher than they are now

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19
Q

Iberomaurusian

A

Northwest African culture dating to after 16000 B.P.

Inhabited coastal plain & interior of modern Tunisia & Morocco

Hunted wild cattle, gazelle, Hartebeest, & Barbary sheep & collected marine mollusks

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20
Q

Jomon

A

Ancient Japanese culture dating from 13 kya

Foragers, relied on hunting wild animals & gathering wild plants & collecting seafood

Dense pop & complex social patterns before adoption of agriculture

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21
Q

Lacustrine

A

Having to do with lakes

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22
Q

Lake Forest Archaic

A

Archaic culture of eastern North America, centered in, though not restricted to, the region of the Great Lakes

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23
Q

Legume

A

Produce fruits which grown in the form of a pod that splits along its seam when mature and opens to reveal the seeds

24
Q

Levant

A

Name applied to the areas along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean, including present-day Greece, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, & Egypt

25
Q

Linearbandkeramik

A

Early Neolithic culture of Central Europe

6,500 B.P.

Subsistence base: domesticated emmer wheat, barley, & pulses

26
Q

Littoral

A

Related to the sea shore

27
Q

Macroband

A

A group of bands who interact on a regular basis

28
Q

Maglemosian

A

Early Mesolithic culture of Europe

Adapted to a forest & lakeside environment

Star Carr site

29
Q

Maritime Archaic

A

Archaic period culture of NE North America

Along coast of New England & Canadian Maritime Provinces

Subsistence focus: sea mammals

Burials with elaborate grave goods

30
Q

Mast Forest Archaic

A

Archaic period culture of NE North America

C. New England

Subsistence base: resources of mast forest (nuts & animals such as deer)

31
Q

Mesolithic

A

Culture period after the Paleolithic & before the Neolithic

Period of proliferation of many regional adaptations & an explosion of local cultural diversity

32
Q

Microband

A

Small, co-habituation F groups of people

10-15 people who move together in a pattern of seasonally nomadic movement

33
Q

Microblade

A

Very small stone blade, often with a very sharp cutting edge

34
Q

Microlith

A

Very small stone tool

35
Q

Midden

A

An archaeological feature that consists of a refuse heap

A preserved like of trash, often food remains

36
Q

Natufian

A

Middle Eastern culture dated from 13,000 to 9,000 B.P.

Mediterranean woodland zone

Relied on wild wheat & barley

“Set stage” for the Neolithic

37
Q

Neolithic

A

The “New Stone Age”

Period after 12 kya when food producing through the domestication of plants and animals replaced foraging as the dominant mode of subsistence

38
Q

Neolithic Demographic Transition (NDT)

A

??

39
Q

Paleo-Arctic tradition

A

Stone-tool tradition in the Arctic, dating to the period before 10 kya

Tech involved production of microblades detached from wedge-shaped cores

40
Q

Peiligang

A

Earliest Neolithic culture in North China with well-established farming villages dating to 8,500 to 7,000 ya

41
Q

Pelagic

A

Anything related to or that lives in the open sea, far from shore

42
Q

Phytolith

A

Microscopic, inorganic particles produced by plants

Extremely durable

Morphology is species specific

43
Q

Qadan

A

Sites along he ankle in Egypt dating to the period 15-11 kya

Reliance on fishing, hunting, & collection of wild grains

Microblades exhibit polish that may indicate their use in the harvesting of wild cereal crops

44
Q

Rachis

A

Area of attachment between seeds & other seeds or between seeds & other parts of the plant

45
Q

Sedentism

A

A pattern of settlement in which a community of people tends to remain in one place over the course of a year or years

46
Q

Seedbed selection

A

Process wherein the seeds of wild plants are tended in planted seedbeds

Later-germinating & slower-growing plants weeded out of seedbed, quickly sprouting & growing plants with larger seeds & thinner seed coats selected for unintentionally

First step in plant domestication

47
Q

Shell Mound Archaic

A

One of the post-Pleistocene Archaic cultures

American Midsouth

Subsistence focus: freshwater shellfish

Exhibit some level of social & economic differentiation in their burials

48
Q

Starch grains

A

Small fragments of starch produced by plants

Shapes unique to individual plant species

49
Q

Taro

A

A tropical plant with edible roots & leaves

50
Q

Tehuacán

A

A valley in central, highland Mexico

Produced arch data about the domestication of plants in the new world

51
Q

Teosinte

A

The wild ancestor of domesticated maize

52
Q

Tuber

A

A relatively short, fleshy, usually underground stem of a plant

53
Q

Yang-shao

A

Early Neolithic culture of China

7,000 B.P.

Settlements appear to have been planned out

Subsistence: cultivation of foxtail millet. Domesticated rice as well, but minor component in diet

54
Q

Younger Dryas

A

Name given in Europe to a stadial that lasted between 12,900 to 11,600 ya

55
Q

Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating

A

A variety of radiocarbon dating

Intro To Archaeology (14 decks)

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