Ch. 7 -- Expanding Geographic Horizons

Question 1

Beringia (or Bering Land Bridge)

Answer 1

A broad connection of land more than 1,500 km (1,000 mi) across connecting northeast Asia with northwest North America during periods of sea level depression in the Pleistocene

Question 2

Burin

Answer 2

Sharp and durable stone tool used in engraving

Used in etching out thin slivers of antler or bone which then were modified further to make awes and needles

Question 3

Chindadn

Answer 3

A teardrop-shaped spear point found in the Nenana Complex in Alaska

Similar to a form found in the Ushki sites located on the Kamchatka Penninsula of eastern Siberia

Question 4

Clovis

Answer 4

Fluted point type of the Paleoindians

Large, laurel-leaf-shaped stone blades exhibiting a channel or “flute” on both faves to aid in halting the stone point into a wooden shaft

13,200-11,900 ya

Channel begins at base and extends from 1/3 to no more than 1/2 the length of the point

Question 5

Cordilleran

Answer 5

The Pleistocene mountain ice mass in Northern America centered in the Rocky Mountains

Question 6

Debitage

Answer 6

Waste flakes produced during the process of making stone tools

Usually small, unusable bits of stone

Question 7

Denali Complex

Answer 7

A Lithic technology seen in the Arctic consisting of wedge-shaped cores, microblades, bifacial knives, and burins

10 kya

Reminiscent of elements of older complexes in NE Asia, esp. Dyuktai Cave

Question 8

Fluted point

Answer 8

Projectile points made by Paleoindians in the New World between 13,200 & 10,000 B.P.

Exhibit distinctive channel or “flute” on both faces, which aid in halting the spear point into its wooden shaft

Major forms are Clovis and Folsom

Question 9

Folsom

Answer 9

Fluted point type of the Paleoindians

Smaller than Clovis

11,000 B.P.

Channels commonly extend nearly the entire length of the point

Question 10

Gracile

Answer 10

Lightly constructed, referring to the overall appearance of a homo if skeleton

Question 11

Haplogroup

Answer 11

A cluster of DNA variants that are found together in individual members of a population

Question 12

Ice-free corridor (or McKenzie corridor)

Answer 12

A proposed route of safe passage in N. America between the farthest west extent of the Laurentide ice field and the farthest east extend of the Cordilleran glacier

Question 13

Lapita

Answer 13

Pottery style known from the inhabited Pacific Islands

Movement of people from the western to eastern Pacific can be traced by the presence and spread of Lapita pottery

Question 14

Laurentide

Answer 14

The massive continental ice sheet of Pleistocene North America, centered in central northeastern Canada

Question 15

Melanesia

Answer 15

Islands located north or New Guinea in the western Pacific

Question 16

Microblade

Answer 16

Very small stone blade, often with a very sharp cutting edge

Often set in groups into wooden, bone, or antler handles

Question 17

Micronesia

Answer 17

Small islands in the western Pacific, east of New Guinea

Question 18

Nenana Complex

Answer 18

Perhaps the oldest stone-tool complex identified in Alaska dating from 11,800 to 11,000 B.P.

Includes bifacially flaked, un-fluted spear points

Question 19

Paleoindian

Answer 19

Period and culture in the New World dating from about 13,000 to about 10,000 B.P.

Fluted points the most distinctive element I. The Paleoindian stone-tool kit

Question 20

Polynesia

Answer 20

Islands of the central and eastern Pacific

Question 21

Pre-Clovis

Answer 21

Sites older than Clovis sites, which were formerly believed to be from the first human settlers

Question 22

Sunda (or Sundaland)

Answer 22

The combined land mass of the modern islands of Java, Sumatra, Bali, and Borneo

These islands became a single, continuous land mass during periods of glaciation and attendant lowered sea levels during the Pleistocene

Question 23

Sahul

Answer 23

The land mass of “Greater Australia” including Australia proper, New Guinea, and Tasmania

During periods of glacial maxima in the Pleistocene these three islands were combined a the single landmass

Question 24

Wallacea

Answer 24

Name given to the sea over the Wallace Trench

Question 25

Wallace Trench

Answer 25

An undersea chasm located between New Guinea/Australia and Java/Borneo

7,500 m deep (~25,000 ft)

Not breached during periods of lowered Pleistocene sea levels so population movement from Southeast Asia and Sahul were accomplished by a water route

Question 26

Wedge-shaped core

Answer 26

Cores shaped like wedges from which blades were struck

Part of the Paleo-Arctic tradition in northeastern Asia & part of the Denali Complex in the American Arctic