Ch. 8

Question 1

Maslow’s need hierarchy theory

Answer 1

5. Self-actualization
6. Esteem
7. Social
8. Safety
9. Physiological

Question 2

alderfer’s ERG theory

Answer 2

1. Existence – similar to Maslow’s basic physiological & safety needs
2. Relatedness – social interaction & similar to social needs from Maslow
3. Growth – highest deals w/ developing fully & realize one’s potential

Question 3

schedules of reinforcement

Answer 3

1. fixed-interval - passage of specified amt. time
2. variable-interval - specified amt. of time, w/ exact time of reinforcement varying
3. fixed- ratio - contingent on performance of a fixed # of behaviors
4. variable-ratio - (MOST EFFECTIVE) depends on the performance of specified but varying # of behaviors

Question 4

goal-setting theory

Answer 4

setting of challenging goals and commitment to goals for workers

• various goal-setting programs

Question 5

Herzberg’s 2-factor theory

Answer 5

job must provide hygienes and motivators

Motivators: job content, when present = satisfaction
•	Responsibility
•	Achievement
•	Recognition
•	Content of work
•	Advancement
•	Growth on job

Hygienes: job context, when absent = dissatisfaction
•	Company policy & administration
•	Supervision
•	Interpersonal relations
•	Working conditions
•	Salary

Question 6

Job enrichment

Answer 6

motivational program that involves redesigning jobs to give workers a greater role in the planning, execution, and evaluation of their work

Question 7

cognitive theory

Answer 7

know the difference equity theory and expectancy theory

Question 8

Equity theory of motivation

Answer 8

workers are motivated to keep their work inputs in proportion to their outcomes

emphasizes drives to reduce inequities

Question 9

Overpayment inequity

Equity theory of motivation

Answer 9

• increase inputs/effort
• Decrease outcomes
• Changing comparison others - No guilt feelings
• Distorting the situation - rationalize

Question 10

Expectancy Theory

Answer 10

VIE

1. Valence - desirability (or undesirability) of a particular outcome to a person
2. Instrumentality - perceived relationship between the performance of a particular behavior & likelihood that a certain outcome will result in other words
3. Expectancy - perceived relationship between the person’s effort & performance of the behavior

Question 11

McClelland’s achievement motivation theory

Answer 11

1. Need for achievement - very high need for achievement, those who love challenge
2. Need for power - status oriented & are more motivated by the chance to gain influence
3. Need for affiliation - desire to be liked & accepted by others

→ these are measured by a projective test (aka: Thematic Apperception Test - projective test. Showed a image and asked to tell a story about it…depending how you tell the story shows your needs)

Question 12

TED TALK

candle problem

Answer 12

Carl Duncher

assessed on time
- group 1: timed, established norms to solve this
-group 2: offered $ rewards
(took 3 1/2 mins longer to finish than group 1)

Question 13

TED TALK

3 elements

Answer 13

1. autonomy - urge to direct our own lives
2. mastery - desire to get better of something that matters
3. purpose - yearning of something to do larger than ourselves

Question 14

Reinforcement Theory

Answer 14

Operant conditioning (motivated by consequence) Consequences of behavior reinforcers & punishment

• Application → org behavior modification
• Depends on 3 elements: stimulus, response & reward
• Contingent reward: depends on response (ex. work X hrs = get X money)
• intermittent & Continuous rewards: produce higher performance levels

Basic Principles:

• Positive = desirable for the person
• Negative = avoidance of existing neg. state or condition
• Punishment = (ex. Write ups)

limitations = know when it doesn’t work

Question 15

motivational trait questionnaire

Answer 15

Measures 6 aspects of “general” motivation

1. Desire to learn
2. Mastery
3. Other referenced goals
4. Competitiveness
5. Worry
6. Emotionality