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Anatomy > Ch 8 > Flashcards

Ch 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Articulations

A

joints hold bones together but may permit movement

point of contact: b/w 2 bones, b/w cartilage and bone, and b/w teeth and bones

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2
Q

Classification

A

based on movement and anatomy

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3
Q

Based on movement

A

synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, and diarthrosis

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4
Q

Synarthrosis

A

immovable

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5
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

slightly movable

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6
Q

Diathrosis

A

moves freely

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7
Q

Based on anatomy

A

fibrous (collagen), cartilaginous (cartilage), or synovial (joint capsule and accessory ligaments)

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8
Q

Fibrous joints

A

lack synovial cavity
bones held closely together by fibrous connective tissue
little or no movement (synarthrosis or amphiarthrosis)
3 structure types: sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses

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9
Q

Suture

A

thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue unites bones of the skull
immovable(synarthritic)

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10
Q

Syndesmosis

A

fibrous joint
bones united by ligament
slightly movable
anterior tibiofibular joint and interosseous membrane

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11
Q

Gomphosis

A

ligament holds cone shaped peg in bony socket
immovable
teeth in alveolar processes of maxillae or mandible

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12
Q

Cartilage joints

A

lacks a synovial cavity
allows little or no movement
bones tightly connected by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
2 types: sychondroses or symphyses

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13
Q

Synchondrosis

A

connecting material is hyaline cartilage
immovable
epiphyseal plate or joints b/w ribs and sternum
when fusion occurs it becomes a synostosis

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14
Q

Symphysis

A

fibrocartilage is connecting material
slightly movable
intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis

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15
Q

Synovial joint features

A
  1. 2 bones separated by fluid filled cavity
  2. joint capsule has 2 layers- synovial membrane and articular cartilage
  3. Synovial fluid components- blood filtrate, hyaluronic acid, and glycoproteins
  4. Synovial fluid functions- lubricate joint surface, nourish chondrocytes, and shock absorber
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16
Q

Synovial joint accessory structures

A

ligaments, articular discs, fat pads, and bursae

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17
Q

Ligaments

A

reinforce and strengthen joint capsule

connect bone to bone with dense regular CT

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18
Q

Ligament types

A 
extrascapular ligaments (outside joint capsule)
intracapsular ligaments (w/in capsule)
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19
Q

Articular Discs

A

pads of fibrous cartilage that subdivide a cavity
also known as meniscis
ulnolunate joint, knee joint

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20
Q

Articular disc functions

A 
channel flow of synovial fluid
modify articular surfaces
restrict movements at joint
cushion articulation surfaces
help distribute body weight
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21
Q

Fat pads

A

adipose tissue surrounding the synovial capsule

tibiofemoral joint

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22
Q

Functions of fat pads

A

protect articular cartilage
packing material
fills spaces when joint changes shape

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23
Q

Bursae

A

small, fluid filled pockets of connective tissue
found in hypodermis, b/w tendons/ligaments and bones
they cushion and support, aid in movement of tendons

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24
Q

Types of movement

A

gliding, angular movement, circumduction, rotation

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25
Q

Gliding

A

two opposing surfaces slide past one another

26
Q

Angular movement

A

change in angle b/w the shaft and the articular surface

27
Q

Circumduction

A

a type of angular motion

rotation of the shaft while changing the angle

28
Q

Rotation

A

spinning of the shaft w/out changing the angle

29
Q

Types of angular movement

A

Abduction, adduction, flexion, extension, hyperextension

30
Q

Abduction

A

towards midline

31
Q

Adduction

A

away from midline

32
Q

Flexion

A

decrease angle relative to anitomical

33
Q

Extension

A

increase angle

34
Q

Hyperextension

A

beyond anitomical

35
Q

Types of rotation

A

pronation and supination

36
Q

Pronation

37
Q

Supination

38
Q

Special movements

A 
Eversion/ inversion
dorsiflexion/ plantar flexion
lateral flexion
protraction/ retraction
oppostion
depression/elevation
39
Q

Eversion

A

point away from midline

40
Q

Inversionn

A

point in toward midline

41
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

superior, decrease angle, point up

42
Q

Plantar flexion

A

inferior, decrease angle down

43
Q

Lateral flexion

A

decreasing angle to side

44
Q

Protraction

A

bringing anterior

45
Q

Retraction

A

bringing posterior

46
Q

Opposition

A

touching two digits together

47
Q

Depression

A

brought inferior

48
Q

Elevation

A

brought superior

49
Q

Synovial joints

A

trade off b/w flexibility and stability
due to: shape of articulating surfaces, tightness of ligaments, presence of accessory ligaments
Types: plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, and ball and socket

50
Q

Plane joints

A

bone surfaces are flat or slightly curved
side to side movement only
rotation prevented by ligaments
intercarpal or intertarsal joints, sternoclavicular joint, vertebracostal joints

51
Q

Hinge joint

A

convex surface of one bones fits into concave surface of 2nd bone
uniaxial like a door hinge
knee, elbow, ankle, interphalangeal joints
movements produced: flexion, extension, hyperextension

52
Q

Pivot joint

A

rounded surface of bone articulates with ring formed by 2nd bone and ligament
uniaxial since it allows only rotation around longitudinal axis
proximal radioulnar joint: supination and pronation
atlanto-axial joint: turning head side to side “no”

53
Q

Condylar joint

A

oval shaped projection fits into oval depression
biaxial
flexion/ extension or abduction/ adduction ispossible
wrist and metacarphalangeal joints for digits 2 to 5

54
Q

Saddle joint

A

one bone saddle-shaped, other bone fits as a person would sitting in that saddle
biaxial
circumduction allows tip of thumb travel in circle
opposition allows tip of thumb to touch tip of other fingers
trapezium of carpus and metacarpal of the thumb

55
Q

Ball and socket joint

A

ball fitting into caplike depression
multiaxial
flexion extension, abduction adduction, rotation
shoulder joint, hip joint

56
Q

TMJ

A

hinge joint
b/w condylar process of madible and mandibular fossa
condyles slide back and forth along joint socket
2 synovial joints
modified hinge jaw

57
Q

Intervertebral articulations- Zygapophysial

A

zygapophysial
vertebrae articulate and superior and inferior articular processes
plane joint
restricts lateral movement

58
Q

Discs

A

allows flexion, extension, lateral flexion and rotation
anulus fibrosus, fibrocartilage
nucleus pulposus

59
Q

Herniated disc

A

slipped disc nucleus pulposus breaks through anulus fibrosus

movements of vertebral column compresses nucleus

60
Q

Shoudler

A

glenohumeral joint
head of humerus meets glenoid cavity
glenoid cavity covered by glenoid labrum

61
Q

Elbow

A

two joints:
humerous and ulna- hinge and flexion/extension
radius and ulna- pivot and pronation/supination

62
Q

Wrist and hand

A 
radiocarpal joint-
flexion/extension, abduction/ adduction
intercarpal joints- plane
carpometacarpal joints
thumb- saddle
other digits- plane

Anatomy (6 decks)

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