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Anatomy > Ch 5 > Flashcards

Ch 5 Flashcards

1
Q

2 divisions of skeleton

A

Axial and appendicular

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2
Q

2 types of bone tissue

A

Compact and spongy

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3
Q

Components of the skeleton

A

Cartilage, bone, tendons, ligaments

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4
Q

Functions of the skeletal system

A

Protection, support, movement, storage, and blood cell production

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5
Q

Cartilage consists of:

A 
Cells:
Chondrocytes
Extracellular matrix:
Collagen/elastic fibers 
Ground substance of chondrites sulfates
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6
Q

Cartilage

A

No arteries, veins, or lymphocytes

Types are hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage

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7
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Most common but weakest
Chondrocytes, chondrotin sulfate, some collagen
Found in embryonic skeleton, articulate surface surfaces, respiratory passageways, nasal septum, between ribs and sternum

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8
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Made of chondrocytes, chondrotin sulfate, densely packed elastic fibers
Found in auricle, tip and lateral walls of nose, epiglottis

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9
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Made of chondrocytes, chondrotin sulfate, densely packed collagen fibers
Found in intervertebral disc, public symphysis, articulate cartilage in knee

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10
Q

Perichondrium

A

Fibrous connective tissue
Surrounds cartilage
Provides support and protection, and new chondrocytes
Found in hyaline cartilage and elastic cartilage

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11
Q

Layers of perichondrium

A

Outer:binds cartilage to adjacent tissue and provides support and protection
Inner: for growth and maintenance

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12
Q

Appositional Growth

A

starts in perichondrium, stem cells at periphery form in inner layer, then they move toward matrix to become chondrogenic cells, chondrogenic cells aggregate and become chondroblasts which secrete matrix, they then become enclosed in matrix and become chondrocytes

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13
Q

Interstitial Growth

A

chondrocytes are enclosed in matrix and divide, as they move apart, matrix forms in b/w them, growth of cartilage from w/in

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14
Q

Osseous Tissue

A

Supportive CT
contains specialized cells
solid extracellular matrix

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15
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

osteoid, ground substance and water

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16
Q

Osteoid

A

organic portion, protein fibers

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17
Q

Ground substance

A

Ca salts

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18
Q

Bone cells

A

osteoprogenitor, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

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19
Q

Osteoprogentior

A

mesenchymal cells
predecessor to osteoblasts
play role in initial bone growth and fracture repair

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20
Q

Osteoblasts

A 
derived from osteogenic cells
secrete osteoid
common in growing bone
predecessor to osteocytes
increased osteoblast activity=stronger bone
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21
Q

Osteocytes

A

mature cells
exist within matrix
maintain Ca and PO4 homeostasis
found in spaces called lacunae

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22
Q

Osteoclasts

A

involved in osteolysis (breakdown of bone)
increase osteoclast activity=weaker bone
very large
formed from the fusion of many white blood stem cells and consume bone cells

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23
Q

Bone matrix

A

inorganic materials, osteiod

resulting composite is both strong and flexible

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24
Q

Types of bone tissue

A

compact and spongy

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25
Q

Compact bone

A

arranged in osteons

has osteocytes- communicate through canaliculi that radiate outward an connect one cell to the next

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26
Q

Osteons

A

a unit of compact bone
contains blood vessels and nerves
concentric lamellae of matrix surrounding a central canal

27
Q

Lamellae

A

concentric, interstitial, and circumfrential

28
Q

Concentric lamellae

A

layers of bone surrounding the central canal

make up osteons

29
Q

Interstitial lamellae

A

found b/w osteons

represents older osteons partially removed during tissue remodeling

30
Q

Circumferential lamellae

A

surround the compact bone

directly produced from periosteum

31
Q

Spongy bone

A

contains:
trabeculae, osteocytes, canaliculi, and matrix
no osteons or central canal

32
Q

Trabeculae

A

latticework of thin plates of bone oriented along lines of stress
spaces are filled with red marrow where blood cells develop
found in ends of long bones and inside flat bones

33
Q

Periosteum

A

encloses bone
absent at the site of attachment of muscles, tendons, and ligaments
outer fibrous and inner layers

34
Q

Endosteum

A

1 cell layer
covers surfaces of spongy bone and medullary cavity
cell types: osteogenic, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts

35
Q

Anatomy of a long bone

A

Diaphysis, Epiphysis, Metaphysis, articular cartilage, and medullary cavity

36
Q

Diaphysis

A

shaft

37
Q

Epiphysis

A

one end of a long bone

38
Q

Metaphysis

A

growth plate region

39
Q

Articular cartilage

A

over joint surfaces, acts as friction and shock absorber

40
Q

Medullary cavity

A

marrow cavity

41
Q

Yellow marrow

A

areolar and adipose ct
in medullary cavity of long bones
energy storage
absent in infants

42
Q

Red marrow

A

areolar and myeloid tissue
produces all types of blood cells
found in medullary cavities of infants and spongy bone in adults

43
Q

Periosteal arteries

A

supple periosteum

44
Q

Nutrient arteries

A

enter through nutrient foramen

supplies compact bone of diaphysis and yellow marrow

45
Q

Metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries

A

supply red marrow and bone tissue of epiphyses and metaphysis

46
Q

Ossification (Bone growth)

A

replacing CT with bone (all our bones are due to this)

47
Q

Intramembranous (simple)

A

mesenchymal cells to spongy bone

48
Q

Endochondral (simple)

A

hyaline cartilage to spongy bone

49
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A

begins at week 8, finished by week 15

forms: cranial flat , facial, dentary, clavicle, and sesmoid bones

50
Q

Intramembranous ossification process

A

mesenchymal cells arrange around BV’s
bone morphogenic proteins released
mesench. cells different. into osteoblasts which secrete osteoid and then they become isolated and turn into osteocytes
produce spicules of bone that interconnect
mesech. cells at surface form inner layer of periosteum
calcified matrix is degraded by osteoclasts to form spongy bone
end up with spongy bone covered in thin layer of compact

51
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

Bone replaces a cartilage model
begins at week 7 and continues to adulthoood
forms: long bones, most short bones, noncranial irregular and flat bones, and middle ear ossicles

52
Q

Endochondral Ossification process

A

Hyaline cartilage forms model of future bone
cartilage enlarges, chondrocytes near center die
BVs grow around and penetrate cartilage
cells differentiate into osteoblasts
compact bone forms around diaphysis
spongy bone forms in center of model
remodeling of shaft and formation of medullary cavity
length increases and BVs penetrate the end of model
some cartilage remains (articular cart. and epiphyseal plate)

53
Q

Bone Growth: Elongation

A

occurs at epiphyseal plate
growth in length continues until 2 ossification centers meet
relative thickness of epiphyseal plate does not change until growth almost complete

54
Q

Bone Growth: Appositional

A

compact bone deposited beneath periosteum
bone thickens
bone remodeling occurs throughout life

55
Q

Bone remodeling

A

ongoing, since osteoclasts carve out small tunnels and osteoblasts rebuild osteons
continual redistribution of bone matrix along lines of mechanical stress

56
Q

Fractures: break in a bone

A

simple: does not penetrate skin and compound: penetrates through skin

57
Q

Bone repair

A

fractures treated by reduction and immobilization

repair: fracture hematoma, fibrocartilage callus, bony callus, and remodel tissue

58
Q

Fracture hematoma formation

A

a fracture hematoma forms within hours of the injury
mass of blood
swelling and inflammation occur in response to dead bone cells
phagocytes and osteocytes eliminate dead cells/broken matrix

59
Q

Fibrocartilage callus formation

A

consists of a mass bridging the broken end of the bone
fibroblasts in periosteum produce collagen
periosteum cells differentiate into chondrocytes
results in fibrocartilage (3 weeks)

60
Q

Bony callus formation

A

occurs as the fibrocartilage callus is converted to spongy bone trabeculae
lasts 3-4 months

61
Q

Factors affecting growth, repair, and development

A

nutrition, sunlight, hormones, and physical stress

osteoporosis

62
Q

Osteoporosis

A

abnormal reduction of bone mass because of loss of estrogen, deficiency of minerals in youth, and imbalance in activity b/w osteoblasts and osteoclasts

63
Q

Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva

A

fibrous tissue becomes ossified
genetic disorder
injury results in inappropriate bone formation
no treatment

Anatomy (6 decks)

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