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Anatomy > Ch 4 > Flashcards

Ch 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Integumentary System

A

Cutaneous membrane: epidermis and dermis

Accessory structures: hair, nails, glands

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2
Q

Functions of integumentary system

A

protects: mechanical, chemical, bacterial, and thermal damage, UV radiation, and desication, aids in heat regulation, excretion of urea and uric acid, synthesis of vitamin D

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3
Q

Epidermis characteristics

A

stratified squamous epithelium
lacks blood vessels but can divide
as new ones grow, push old to surface

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4
Q

Epidermal cell types

A

keratinocytes, melanocytes, lagerhan cells, merkel cells

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5
Q

Keratinocytes

A

produce keratin, provide protection

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6
Q

Melanocytes

A

produces melanin

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7
Q

Lagerhan cells

A

from bone marrow, part of immune response

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8
Q

Merkel cells

A

in deepest layer, form touch receptors with sensory neurons

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9
Q

Keratinization and Epidermal Growth

A

stem cells divide to produce keratinocytes at the basal lamina
as keratinocytes are pushed up towards the surface they fill with keratin and oils and slowly die
4 week journey

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10
Q

Layers of epidermis

A

stratum germinativum, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum corneum

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11
Q

Stratum germinativum

A

deepest single layer of cells
combination of merkel cells, melanocytes, keratinocytes, and stem cells that divide repeatedly
attached to each other and to basal lamina

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12
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A

8 to 10 cell layers held together by desmosomes

melanin taken in by phagocytes from nearby melanocytes

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13
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

3-5 layers of flat dying cells
show nuclear degeneration
contain dark staining keratohylin granules

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14
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

seen in thick skin on palms and soles of feet only

three to five layers of clear, flat, dead cells

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15
Q

Stratum corneum

A

25 to 30 layers of flat dead sells filled with keratin and surrounded by lipids
continuously shed
barrier to light, heat, water, chemicals, and basteria
friction stimulates callus formation

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16
Q

Thick skin

A

palmer and platar surface
about 30 layers of s. corneum
all 5 layers

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17
Q

Thin skin

A

rest of body surface
fewer layers of s. corneum
no s. lucidum

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18
Q

Epidermal ridges (finger tips)

A

stratum germinativum forms ridges that extend into the dermis
increases area of contact for better grip

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19
Q

Melanin

A

melanin produced in epidermis by melanocytes
similar number of melanocytes in everyone
different amounts of pigment produced

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20
Q

UV light

A

increases melanin production, which it absorbs

too much UV can damage chromosomes

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21
Q

Types of melanin

A

melanocytes convert tyrosine to melanin
brown or black is called eumelanin
red brown is called pheomelanin

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22
Q

Carotene in dermis

A

yellow orange pigment

found in stratum corneum and subcutaneous

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23
Q

Hemoglobin

A

red oxygen carrying pigment in blood cells

if other pigments are not present, epidermis is transulcent so pinkness will be evident

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24
Q

Dermis

A

Papillary layer and reticular layer

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25
Q

Papillary layer

A

areaolar CT
capillaries and neurons
dermal papillae

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26
Q

Reticular layer

A

anchoring layer
large vessels, nerves, adipocytes, arrector pili muscle
dense irregular CT- collagen and elastic

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27
Q

Blood supply to skin

A

cutaneous plexus and papillary plexus

28
Q

Cutaneous plexus

A

network of arteries and veins supplying skin

in subcutaneous layer

29
Q

Papillary plexus

A

follows epidermal/dermal boundary

helps nourish epidermal layer

30
Q

lines of cleavage

A

dermal collagen and elastic fibers are arranged in semi parallel bundles that differ throughout the skin
resist tension best in those directions
gaps filled with scar tissue and become stretch marks

31
Q

Hypodermis

A

also called superfiscial fascia/ subcutaneous layer
consists of areolar CT and adipose CT
collagen and elastic fibers
major blood vessels and nerves

32
Q

Hair

A

on all surfaces except palmer and plantar, parts of digits, lips, eyelids
number fixed at birth
3 types: vellus, terminal, intermediate
composed of dead, keratinized epidermal cells

33
Q

Vellus hair

A

peach fuzz

34
Q

Terminal hair

A

thicker with darker pigment

35
Q

Intermediate hair

A

arms

36
Q

Each hair consists of:

A
  1. shaft which projects above surface of skin
  2. root which peetrates into the dermis
  3. base of follicle, bulb
  4. cuticle
  5. cortex
  6. medulla
37
Q

Functions of hair

A

protection, reduction of heat loss, sensing light touch

38
Q

Root hair plexus

A

sensory nerves surrounding follicle

detect hair movement

39
Q

Arrector Pili

A

smooth muscle, moves hair

goose bumps- remnant of ancestors

40
Q

Hair growth

A

anagen stage, catagen stage, telogen stage

41
Q

Anagen stage

A

may last up to 6 years depending on the body part

matrix cells at base of hair root producing length

42
Q

Catagen stage

A

lasts up to 2 weeks

matrix cells inactive and follicle atrophies

43
Q

Telogen stage

A

hair follicle

hair is eventually pushed out by new hair as cycle renews

44
Q

Hair color

A

result of melanin produced in melanocytes

45
Q

Brown/black hair

A

large amounts of eumelanin

46
Q

Blonde hair

A

little eumelanin

47
Q

Red hair

A

high relative pheomelanin

48
Q

Grey hair

A

decline in all melanin production

49
Q

Glands of the skin

A

specialized exocrine glands found in dermis

50
Q

Sebaceous glands

A 
secrete sebum (oil) by holocrine secretion
sebum decreases evaporation and decreases bacterial growth
2 types: with hair and without
51
Q

Sudoriferous glands

A

sweat glands, coiled tubular gland, under neural control

2 types: apocrine and merocrine sweat glands

52
Q

Merocrine sweat glands

A 
use merocrine system of exocrine secretion
on most body surfaces(palm)
not associated with follicle
sensible perspiration
function is to cool, excrete and protect
53
Q

Apocrine sweat glands

A

use merocrine system
associated with hair follicle
in armpit , nipple, and groin
produces viscous secretion starting at puberty
reduces friction, cools, and secretes pheromones

54
Q

Modified apocrine glands

A

mammary, ceruminous

55
Q

Mammary

A

(lactiferous) for milk production- modified sweat

56
Q

Ceruminous

A

in external ear

secretion mixes with sebum to create ear wax

57
Q

Nail body

A

keratinized plate-like structures

58
Q

Nail bed

A

surface of skin that covers nail body

59
Q

Nail root

A

source of nail production

60
Q

Lunula

A

whitish half-moon region at base of nail plate due to obscured blood vessels

61
Q

Burns

A

tissue damage and cell death caused by heat, electricity, UV radiation or chemicals
can cause: dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and circulatory shock

62
Q

First Degree burns

A

skin red and swollen, only epidermis damaged, sun burn peels off

63
Q

Second Degree burns

A

skin red with blisters, epidermis and upper dermis damaged

64
Q

Third Degree burns

A

grey-white or black, destroys entire layer, hypodermis is cooked

65
Q

Effects of aging

A

less hair, reduced blood supply, dermis tends to thin, drying of epidermis (less oil), fewer melanocytes (paler)

Anatomy (6 decks)

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