Ch 8 Flashcards

Question

What methods did the FLQ use to attack?

Answer 1

● They used firebombs and explosives to attack symbols of English-Canadian power ● In the early 1960s, Royal Mail boxes and downtown office towers belonging to Canadian National Railways were attacked

Answer 2

Levesque believed that Quebec and Canada would do better to divorce peacefully than to continue a marriage of two cultures that was no longer workable

Answer 3

in the midst of the quiet revolution

Answer 4

Piere trudeau, Gerard Pelletier and Jean Marchand

Answer 5

● He was convinced that Canada would face a grave crisis unless the French were made to feel more at home in Canada ● He appointed the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism to investigate some solutions. ● He responded to a long-standing complaint in Quebec that Canada's symbols were too British. ○ Suggested that Canada should haev a new flag to replace those in use- the British Union Jack and the Red Ensign, which had the Union Jack in the upper corner.

Answer 6

● The "Bi and Bi Commission" recommended that Canada should become officially bilingual.

Answer 7

● Unsuccessful ● The new flag increased tensions between French and English Canada. ● Many Canadians opposed any new flag beacuse they felt that Pearson was pandering to Quebec. ● An emotional debate split the country. ● Finally, after hundreds of suggestions from across Canada, the red-and-white maple leaf design was chosen. ● In the end, Quebec was upset by the bitter debate and primarily fly the fleur-de-lis flag.

Answer 8

On February 15, 1965

Answer 9

● He acted on their advice to make Canada officially bilingual ● Passed the Official Languages Act, making Canada an officially bilingual country ○ All federal government agencie across the country were now required to provide services in both languages.

Answer 10

● Mixed reviews ● Many embraced the idea of bilingualism with enthusiasm and enrolled their children in French immersion classes. ● Some, Western Canadians especially, felt that the federal government was forcing French on them. ○ They also believed that Ottawa was focusing all its attention on Quebec, while the West and its concerns were largely ignored. ● Francophones in Quebec were unimpressed. ○ They felt that Trudeau was not doing enough. ○ They wanted "special status" for Quebec in Confederation. ○ Trudeau insisted that Quebec was a province, just like any of the others.

Answer 11

"Just watch me" after asking parliament to impose War Measure Act

Answer 12

Oct 5, 1970 ● British High Commissioner James Cross is kidnapped by the FLQ. ● FLQ demands release of FLQ "PRISONERS" ○ "PRISONERS" = FLQ members who were serving prison sentences for previous criminal acts. Oct 10, 1970 ● Quebec Labour Minister Pierre Laporte is kidnapped Oct 13, 1970 ● Trudeau says "Just watch me" when asked how just far he would go to defeat the FLQ. Oct 16, 1970 ● War Measures Act imposed. ○ Federal troops sent in to protect Ottawa, Quebec, and Montreal ○ Within 48 hours, over 250 people arrested (labour leaders, entertainers, writers). ○ By the end of the year, 468 had been arrested. Oct 17, 1970 ● Laporte's body is found. Dec 3, 1970 ● James Cross is found and freed by the police. ● Police negotiate with the responsible kidnappers ○ In return for James Cross' release, the kidnappers were granted safe passage to Cuba.

Answer 13

● Parti Quebecois won the 1976 election ● The top priority of the new government was strengthening the status of the French language. ○ Passed "Bill 101" ● One of Rene Levesques's goals was to seperate Quebec from Canada ○ During the campaign, Levesque has reassured Quebeckers that a vote for the PQ would not automatically mean separation. ○ Levesque stood by his word and held a province-wide referendum in 1980.

Answer 14

● Charter of the French Language ● Law that made French the only offiical language of the province ○ Quebec government employees had to work in French ○ Commercial outdoor signs would have to be in French only ○ Children of immigratns would be required to attend French rather than English schools.

Answer 15

● Francophone Quebeckers welcomed the language law ○ Many felt their culture and language were endangered ○ The birth rate in Quebec had fallen to its lowest level in history ○ Immigration rates had increased, but most new immigrants preferred to educate their children in English ● Non-Francophone Quebeckers thought that Bill 101 was a symbol of oppression ● The rest of Canada, as well, felt that the PQ's policies were too extreme

Answer 16

● Levesque government called a referendum to determine Quebec's political future ○ Levesque asked Quebeckers to vote "yes" to giving his government a mandate to negotiate a new agreement with Canada baseed on sovereignty-association. ○ He proposed that Quebec become politically independent, yet maintain a close economic association with Canada.

Answer 17

● He made impassioned speeches urging the people of Quebec to remain part of a strong, united, and forward-looking Canada ● Trudeau promised to negotiate a new Constitution if the "no" side won ○ This promise was popular among Quebeckers ○ They wanted a Constitution that recognized Quebec as an equal partner of the Confederation, and as a distinct society within Canada. ○ This promise helped to swing many Quebec votes to the "no" camp

Answer 18

● 40% of Quebeckers voted "yes" to sovereignty-association ● 60% voted "no" ● Rene Levesque accepted defeat, but was visibly upset. ○ He promised his followers that their dream of a sovereign Quebec would triumph one day

Answer 19

● Canada's Constitution since 1867, unti 1982 ● An act that set out the powers of the federal and provincial governments ○ Also guaranteed the language and education rights of Quebec's French-speaking majority. ● Falls under the British jurisdiction-- no changes could be made without the British Parliament's approval.

Answer 20

● Trudeau wanted to patriate the Constitution ○ Patriate: To transfer legislation to an authority of an autonomous country from its previous mother country. ○ This would allow the Canadian government to have the authority to make changes ● Trudeau wanted to include a Charter of Rights and Freedoms ○ A clear statement of basic rights to which all Canadians were entitled. ● Before he could make any changes, Trudeau needed to have the approval of the provinces.

Answer 21

● English-speaking premiers felt that the Charter would make the courts more powerful than their legislature ● In quebec, Levesque feared that the Charter could be used to override his language laws or any other legislation that might be passed to protect Quebec's distinct society

Answer 22

● Amending formula | ● Notwithstanding Clause

Answer 23

Trudeau needed to come up with an amending formula.

Answer 24

● A process in changing the constitution | ● 7/10 provinces with 50% of Canada's population

Answer 25

● An agreement was worked out by the federal Justice Minister Jean Chretien and the justice ministers from Saskatchewan and Ontario ● 9/10 premiers were asked to approve the deal ● Quebec premier was not included because he stayed in another hotel - Quebecers felt betrayed

Answer 26

● John Turner, Trudeau's replacement called an election in 1984 ● Brain Mulroney returned to the issue of the Constitution and promised to repair the damage in order to gain support from Quebec

Answer 27

Queen Elizabeth II and Prime Minister Trudeau signed it into law, outisde the Parliament Buildings in Ottawa.

Answer 28

● An escape clause ○ Allowed the federal government or any of the provinces to opt out of some of the clauses in the Charter. ○ A provincial law that was contrary to a specific Charter guarantee could be passed, despite anything the Charter contains. ● Premiers agreed to accept the Charter if an escape clause were added.

Answer 29

● Ottawa awarded a government contract to repair air force jets to the company in Montreal, even though the Winnipeg company had a better proposal - Westerners were convinced that the contract went to Montreal just to buy Comservative votes in Quebec

Answer 30

● Recognize Quebec as a distinct society | ● Giving more power to the other provinces (the power to veto constitutional change)

Answer 31

● The designation of Quebec as a distinct society would create "two solitudes" in Canada - Isolate the Francophones of Quebec ● Aboriginal peoples pointed out that they had a distinct society that needed to be recognized and protected as well

Answer 32

It disintegrated in June 1990 | - The failure was seen as a rejection of Quebec itself, even a humiliation

Answer 33

The rejection of the Meech Lake Accord

Answer 34

isolate the Francophones of quebec and make them less rather than more of a part of Confederation. Quebeckers saw this as a way of protecting French culture and language

Answer 35

Manitoba and Newfoundland withheld their support and the Meech Lake Accord was dismissed and quebec felt humiliated. As a result, more people wanted seperation and a member from Mulroney's cabinet resigned in protest and formed this party to support seperation

Answer 36

● He promised to repair the damage of 1982 by obtaining Quebec's consent to the Constitution "with honour and enthusiasm." ○ He wanted to build up support from separatist in Quebec

Answer 37

● They wanted more control of their own resources ○ Newfoundland - Fisheries ○ Alberta - Oil industries

Answer 38

● A committee that travelled across the nation to hear the views of Canadians on the future of the Constitution ● Appointed by Mulroney's government

Answer 39

● Recognize Quebec as a distinct society ● Reform the Senate - Making it an elected body ● Support Aboriginal self-government

Answer 40

● It was put to a national referendum in October 1992 - It was rejected ● Greatest opposition was in BC - Felt that the accord gave Quebec too much power ● Voters in Quebec believed that the Charlottetown Accord did not give htem enough power b/c most of the Senate seats had been given up to the West - Feared Aboriginal self-government since it would affect a large portion of northern Quebec

Answer 41

premier Jaques Parizeau called a provincial referendum on full soveriengty to seperate from canada and as a result, 50.6 percent voted no and 49.4 voted yes

Answer 42

● Prime Minister Chretien proposed the clarity bill in response to the narrow margin of victory in the 1995 referendum ● It set down in law, for the first time, Ottawa's insistence on a clear question in any future referendum and a substantial "yes" majority before Quebec's exit from Confederation would be negotiated.

Answer 43

●From the end of WWI - 1960s, immigration policy was somewhat restrictive ○ Immigrants of British & European origin (esp. northern Europeans) were preferred because it was believed that they would adapt to Canadian life the most easily. ○ While immigrants of other origins did arrive, their numbers were limited by the government. ● By 1960s, Canadians were more open minded ● 1962 - New regulations removed most immigration limits on Asians, Africans, etc. ● 1967 - New legislation made Canada's immigration policy officially "colour-blind" ○ Pearson introduced a points-based immigration system-- people were chosen based on education and employability. ○ National/Racial origins were no longer factors ● 1971 - Prime Minister Trudeau introduced an official policy of multiculturalism ● 1976 - Immigration of family members with relatives already in Canada was allowed

Answer 44

● Encouraged the country's different ethnic groups to express their cultures ● Multicultural activities were organized across the country ○ Heritage language classes were provided to help children learn the language of their parents ○ Festivals were held for cultural communities to share their music, dancers, foods, games, arts, crafts, and stories. ○ These programs were intended to prevent racism by promoting respect for all cultures.

Answer 45

● It would support and encourage various cultures and ethnic groups that give structure and vitality to Canadian society. ● Canadians would be encouraged to share their cultural expressions and values with other Canadians, contributing to a richer life for everyone.

Answer 46

They established the Department of Multiculturalism and Citizenship in 1988

Answer 47

They continued to promote multiculturalism in all araes of government policy.

Answer 48

● Comprehensive land claims | ● Treaties were not signed except in a few areas

Answer 49

● They asserted their land rights | - Although the Indian Act made it illegal for them to raise funds for land claims

Answer 50

● It acknowledged that the concept of Aboriginal title did indeed exist

Answer 51

● A settlement that entitled them to 8% of their orignal claimed land, ownership of the forests, and partial profits from salmon fisheries and hydro development ● Right to develop their own municipal government and policing ● $190 million over 15 years in compensation for lost land ● Nisga'a agreed to become taxpayers

Answer 52

● Aboriginal groups could claim ownership of land if they can prove that they occupied the land before the Canadian government claimed sovereignty, and that they occupied it continuously and exclusively

Answer 53

● Some businesses feared future court cases over ownership of the land - They began to halt their investments - Jobs were lost in BC ● There would be further expensive disputes over land and self-government ● They demanded a referendum on the deal - The government refused, arguing that the irghts of a minority can never be fairly decided by a vote of the majority

Answer 54

● Specific claims | ● Comprehensive claims

Answer 55

● It was passed in 1985 ● It gave Aboriginal band councils the power to decide who had the right to live on Aboriginal reserves - Previous decisions of this sort had been made by the Department of Indian Affairs

Answer 56

● It was formed by Canadian Aboriginal peopples in 1980 ● It represents them in their dealins with the federal government ● It pressured the inclusion of Aboriginal rights in the Charter of RIghts and Freedoms

Answer 57

● The right to maange resources and gain conrol of their education, culture, and justice systems ● Allow them to tackle social and health concerns in their communities