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Social Studies - Ms. Swistak > Ch 7 > Flashcards

Ch 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Displaced persons

A

● Person forced to leave their homes because of war, persecution or natural disaster.
● A refugee

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2
Q

Suburb

A

● Housing in the outlying areas of cities

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3
Q

Baby boom

A

● Increase in birth rate post WW2-1960

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4
Q

Consumer society

A

● Capitalist society where individuals are encouraged to spend money on new products and services to benefit the economy

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5
Q

Megaprojects

A

● Large-scale construction projects that require huge capital investment

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6
Q

Referendum

A

● Process of referring political decision to the people for a direct vote

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7
Q

Equalization payments

A

● Payments made by federal gov to some provinces so the standard of living will become more equal in Canada

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8
Q

Status Indians

A

● An aboriginal registered with federal gov. according to the terms of the Indian Act

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9
Q

Tommy Douglas

A

● Saskatchewan premier who introduced complete Medicare program

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10
Q

Medicare

A

● Program that allowed all people in all provinces to seek medical treatment without paying directly from their own pocket

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11
Q

Just society

A

● Country that Pierre Trudeau wanted to build
● Government would have duty to protect rights and freedoms of people, foster their social and economical well-being.
● Government should not interfere with personal liberties

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12
Q

Feminism

A

● Belief that women should have equality with man in political, social, economical fields.
● They should not be discriminated against on basis of their sex

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13
Q

Pressure group

A

● Group of individuals with common interests and concerns who attempt to pressure political decision makers

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14
Q

Regional disparity

A

● Differences in income, wages, jobs in one area compared to another.

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15
Q

Western alienation

A

● Feeling on part of western Canada that federal policies favour central Canada

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16
Q

Deficit

A

● Difference between expenditures (money spent) and revenue that happens when a government spends more than it takes in

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17
Q

Debt

A

● Something, typically money, that is owed or due.

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18
Q

Information Age

A

● A period in human history characterized by the shift from the industry of the Industrial Revolution to an economy based on Information Computerization

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19
Q

What happened in 1945?

A

● War veterans return to Canada

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20
Q

What happened in 1947?

A

● Immigarion of displaced persons from Europe begins

● Oil is discovvered at Leduc, Alberta

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21
Q

What happened in 1949?

A

● Newfoundland becomes Canada’s tenth province

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22
Q

What happened in 1952?

A

● First CBC TV broadcast is made

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23
Q

What happened in 1966?

A

● Medical Care Act is passed

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24
Q

What happened in 1968?

A

● CRTC created to regulate foreign content on radio and television

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25
Q

What happened in 1970?

A

● Trans-Canada Highway is completed

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26
Q

What happened in 1971?

A

● National Action Committee on the Status of Women is established

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27
Q

When did the Canadian government wrestle with national debt and deficit?

A

1980s-1990s

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28
Q

When did internet become generally accessible?

A

Early 1990s

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29
Q

What happened in 1999?

A

● Saskatchewan nurses go on strike, protesting government helath care cutbacks

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30
Q

What happened in 2000?

A

● Federal government debt is about $576 billion

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31
Q

Who did the veterans bring back to Canada?

A

● One in five Canadian bachelors serving overseas married there
● Approximately 48000 war brides and their children arrived in 1945 and 1946

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32
Q

What conditions were veterans in after they returned to Canada?

A

● Canadian government passed special legislation
● Veterans who wanted their old jobs back were giventhem, and the years that they had been away at war were counted as years of service on the job
● Veterans and war widow werer gien hiring preference for government jobs
● Those who wished to atten university or trade school received free truition and living allowances
● The Veterans’ Land Act was passed, enabling veterans to obtain mortgages at preferential rates

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33
Q

What are displaced persons?

A

● Name given to refugees languishing in camps across Europe after WWII by the UN
● They included concentration camp survivors and others uprooted by the war
● These people had no homes, possenssions or hope for the future

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34
Q

Where did most immigrants settle in Canada after WWII?

A

The newcomers now settled mostly in the cities of central Canada

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35
Q

What happened as a result of the expansion in Canada’s population?

A

● There was a tremendous demand for housing in the years after the war
● Developers began building thousands of new homes
● The outlying areas of cities, the suburbs, were becoming populated

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36
Q

What are bedroom communities?

A

● Commuters returned to these at the end of the working day

● They had their own schools, parks, and places of worship

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37
Q

What values did the suburbs bring in?

A

● Centred on the traditional family, with the stay-at-home mother at its heart
- Popular women’s magazines denounced working mothers as the cause of delinquent children
- Fashions emphasized traditional feminity
● The father’s role was to be the breadwinner, supporting the family on his paycheck

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38
Q

What and when was the baby boom?

A

● Increase in the birth rate

● Post-war period until 1960

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39
Q

What changes did the “boomer” generation bring to Canada initially?

A

● Boy Scouts, Girl Guides, and junior hockey fourished
● Schools had to be built at an unprecedented rate
● Manufacturers began to make a whole range of new products for the baby boomers

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40
Q

How did automobile changed Canada?

A

● Corner grocery stores shut down as large new supermrkets appeared
● The shopping mall became the hub of suburban life
- Replaced the front porch, village green, and the corner store as a gathering place
- The opening of a mall was a community event

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41
Q

What did the automobile represent in the post-war era?

A

Fascination with techonology, progress, security and personal freedom

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42
Q

What negative impacts did automobiles cause?

A 
● Gas comsumption
● Atmospheric pollution
● Safety--car accidents were becoming a leading cause of death
- Seat belts were non-existent
- Drinking and driving was common
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43
Q

What fostered the consumer society and how?

A

● Television

● It encouraged people to buy more products–advertisements

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44
Q

What was teenagers’ fashions after WWII?

A

● Girls wore their hair in poodle cuts, pony tails, or beehives
- They dressed in saddled shoes or penny loafers, poodle skirts, cirnolines, and cardigans
- They wore strapless gowns to their proms
● Boys had crew-cut or ducktail hairstyles and dressed in white socks, blue jeans, or dress pants, and V-necked sweaters, black leather jackets, or sports coats

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45
Q

What musical style became popular among the teenagers?

A

Rock ‘n’ roll

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46
Q

What was rock ‘n’ roll?

A

● Strong thythms and sometimes rebellious teen-centred lyrics
● Elvis Presley

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47
Q

How were Canadians conservative after WWII?

A

● No newspapers were published on Sundays, nor could people go to the movies
● Movies and books were strictly censored
● Many towns prohited the sale of liquor
● Women were discouraged from going to taverns alone

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48
Q

What happened after Maurice “Rocket” Richard, a hockey player, got suspended?

A

● A riot erupted at the Montreal Forum in 1955
● Bottles and rotten eggs were thrown at the NHL president
● Store windows and telephone booths were destroyed
● 37 people were injured

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49
Q

Who was Barbara Ann Scott?

A

A famous skater who won the world figure skating championship in 1947 and the Olympic gold medal in 1948

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50
Q

Who was Marilyn Bell?

A

● She was the first person to swim across Lake Ontario
● She was the youngest person to conquer the English Channel
● She swam the Strait of Juan de Fuca in 1957

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51
Q

What was the Massey Commission investigating about?

A

The Massey Commission was established in 1949 to investigate the state of Canadian culture

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52
Q

What did the Massey Commission suggest in 1951?

A

● Canadian culture needed to be protected from US influence
● Recommended that the National Film Board be strengthened
● Recommended that the federal government become invovled in funding universities and the arts
● Recommended that TV in Canada be used for national communication and cultural education in drama and music

53
Q

What was the Canada Council?

A

● Award tax-funded grants to writers, artists, and theatres

● Established in 1957

54
Q

Why was the Massey Commission worried about television?

A

● In the US, television was designed for entertainment

- It was a commercial enterprise, operated to create profit for station owners and advertisers

55
Q

What was in charge of the development of television?

A

The CBC

56
Q

What was the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC)?

A

An agency that would regulate the amount of foreign material broadcast over the airwaves and impose rules requiring Canadian content

57
Q

What did King recommend for the transition to a peacetime economy?

A

● During the war, the provinces had transferred their powers to manage the ecnomy to the federal government
- He recommended that this change become permanent
● This would allow Ottawa to increase or decrease government spending to help solve problems such as unemployment and inflation

58
Q

What did CD Howe recommend for the transition to a peacetime economy?

A

● Private industry would handle the transition to a peacetime economy, with the help of government incentives
● Generous tax breaks would be given to companies that agreed to produce consumer goods or invest in new plants
● Government Crown corporations were auctioned off to private companies, often at very low prices

59
Q

How did Ottawa ensure that similar social services were available in all parts of the country?

A

● Proinces had to transfer taxation powers to the federal government
● In return, the provinces would receive grants to provide social services such as health care and education
● Through a system of “equalization” or “transfer” payments, the federal government would then transfer to the poorer provinces some of the taxes collected in the richer provinces

60
Q

How did the nature of Confederation change after the equalization payments system was implemented?

A

The federal government gained power at the expense of the provinces, especially over social programs

61
Q

What was the economic boom fostered by?

A

● New products, such as plastics and pesticides
● The development of natural resources such as metals and other minerals
● The discovery of oil in Alberta

62
Q

Where and when was oil discovered in Canada?

A

Leduc, Alberta in 1947

63
Q

What happened to the places where new mines and wells developed?

A

● Boom towns were carved out of the wilderness
● Airlifts brought in heavy equipment,construction material, and automobiles
● Tents, trailers, and temporary shanties were made to serve as offices and homes

64
Q

Why did southern Ontario thrive?

A

● Southern Ontario thrived as a centre of manufacturing
- By the 1950s, more than half of the nation’s factoris and plants and 99% of its automobile industry were located in Ontario

65
Q

What did te thrive in manufacturing in Ontario lead to?

A

Ontario would be resented by the other provinces for its domination of industry

66
Q

What need did the government recognize as towns across Canada grew?

A

The need to imporove the country’s roads, sewer systems, power plants, schools, and hospitals

67
Q

How did the projects benefit Canadian economy?

A

● These services were provided by the taxes from business and workers
● The money paid out to construction companies would create more jobs and stimulate the economy as workers spent their wages

68
Q

What were some megaprojects after WWII?

A

● Trans-Canada Highway
● St. Lawrence Seaway
● Trans-Canada Pipeline

69
Q

What was the significance of the St. Lawrence Seaway?

A

● It linked the Atlantic Ocean with the Great Lakes and oepn the heart of the continent to large ocean-going ships
● It was a major feat of engineering developed by a joint Canada-US project

70
Q

Where did the pipelines bring the natural gas to?

A

Industrial centres of central Canada

71
Q

What were the advantages to US investment?

A

● Branch plants provided many Canadians with good jobs in manufacturing
● Canadian industries benefited from US technology

72
Q

What were the disadvantages to US investment?

A

● The profits from the brnach plants went back to the parent corporations int he US
● It looked as though Canada was losing control of its economy

73
Q

Who was HR MacMillan?

A

On the west coast, he put together one of the world’s largest forestry companies

74
Q

Who was KC Irving?

A

In New Brunswick, he became one of the world’s richest men, with businesses ranging from gas stations to timber and newspapers

75
Q

Who was EP Taylor and the Bronfman family?

A

In central Canada, they controlled the production of many consumer goods, and the stores that sold them

76
Q

How did the trade unions fight for a greater share of the country’s propserity?

A

● Strikers fought for the right to form unions and pressed for wages that would support a family
- Wages rose
● Workers won a major vicory in establishing the five-day, forth-hour work week, and increased fringe benefits such as paid vacations

77
Q

What groups didn’t shaare the prosperity of the times?

A

● The working poor
● Women
● Aboriginals

78
Q

Why didn’t women share the prosperity?

A

● Those who could not afford to be stay-at-home wives and mothers were at a particular disadvantage
● They were made to feel guilty by a society that condemned mothers who went out to work
● Women were legally discriminated against by their employers, who paid them less than men even if they did the same work

79
Q

Why didn’t First Nations shared the prosperity?

A

● They suffered the most from environmental damage caused by industries

  • Mercury poisoning from a pulp and paper mill contaminated the fish caught and eaten at the White Dog Reserve at Grassy Narrow, Ontario
  • The development of mines, highways, pipelines, and boom town disrupted the hunting grounds and way of life of other First Nations
80
Q

What happened in Newfoundland during the Depression?

A

● The island had suffered so badly that its government had gone bankrupt
● Britain set up a special commission to govern it

81
Q

What three options were given on the referendum in Newfoundland?

A
  1. To continue under the existing government by commission
  2. To return to the status of a self-governing dominion
  3. To join Canada
82
Q

Who was JR Joey Smallwood and what did he do?

A

JR “Joey” Smallwood was a skillful politician who argued that union with Canada would bring modernization and higher living standards to Newfoundland

83
Q

What were Newfoundlanders’ opinions?

A

● They belived the benefits could not make p for the higher taxes and loss of identity that Confederation would bring them
● Some would have preferred economic union with the US

84
Q

Why were there two referendums regarding Newfoundland’s political future?

A

● The first referendum in June 1948 didn’t have a clear winner
- No option won a clear majority
● Another referendum was held in late July 1948
- The commission option was dropped
- 52% voted for Confederation
● On March 31, 2949, Newfoundland became part of Canada

85
Q

What was Uncle Louis and why was it inaccurate?

A

● Uncle Louis was the nickname given to St. Laurent
- A reporter noticed that he seemed to like children on the campaign trail
● The media created the image of a kindly relative
● In reality, St. Laurent was an aloof man with a rich lifestyle

86
Q

Who was the first westerner to become prime minister?

A

John Diefenbaker

87
Q

What did Diefenbaker see himself as?

A

● Prairies populist, one who spoke for and listened to ordinary people
● Committed to unhyphenated Canadianism
● Staunch nationalist–he believed in preserving Canada’s British connections and standing up to the Americans
● Chartered human rights

88
Q

What is unhyphenated Canadianism?

A

A belief in the equality of all Canadians, whatever their heritage

89
Q

How did Diefenbaker champion human right?

A

● He was the first prime minister to include a woman in his Cabinet
● He was the first one to appoint an Aboriginal senator
● He gave Canada’s status Indians living on reserves the right to vote in federal elections
● He introduced the Canadian Bill of Rights

90
Q

Which group didn’t appreciate Diefenbaker’s version of “unhyphenated Canadianism”

A

French-Canadians

91
Q

Who did Pearson appeal to?

A

Younger and urban voters, esp. in central Canada

92
Q

What was Pearson’s version of Canada?

A

● Based on two founding peoples, French and English
● He believed that the British connection to Canada would be severed overtime
- Canada needed an identity that would be meaningful to all Canadians

93
Q

What did Pearson implement?

A

● Trial abolition of capital punishment
● Easier divorce laws
● Introcued Canada’s flag
● Improved Canada’s social welfare system

94
Q

What social welfares did Pearson’s government introduce?

A

● Canada Pension Plan–improved on existing pension schemes
● Canada Assistance Plan–help the provinces finance social assisstance programs for all needy people
● Medicare

95
Q

In which province was medical care first implemented?

A

Saskatchewan

96
Q

What became the NDP and who was the leader?

A

In 1962, Tommy Douglas left provincial politics to become leader of the NDP, formed from the CCF

97
Q

What did the Medical Care Act mean?

A

It meant that federal and provincial governments would now share the cost of medical care by doctors adn hospitals for all Canadians, with funding coming from taxes

98
Q

Why was medicare a controversial social program?

A

● It is very costly, and some critics are dissatisfied with the government’s role in the provision of health care
● However, canadians identifiy medicare as hte social program they value most in polls

99
Q

Who developed a polio vaccine?

A

A US doctor, Jonas Salk in 1954

100
Q

What was the Expo 67? Where was it hosted and when?

A

● An international fair that brought the world to Canada
● In Montreal
● 1967

101
Q

What was the “just society”?

A

● A vision of what Pierre Trudeau thought Canada should be
● Government had a duty to protect the rights and freedoms of people, and to foster their social and economic well-being
● Governments should not interfere with personal liberties

102
Q

What was the “youthquake” and what caused it?

A

● The baby boom resulted in over half the population of NA being under the age of 25 by 1965
○ Adults were beginning to accept the new teen culture that arose as a result.
● From the mid-1960s, the huge population of young people in NA and western Europe created a powerful youth culture of protest- a youthquake.

103
Q

What did politicians do to in an attempt to appeal to the young people during the youthquake?

A

● Spent more money to provide employment and activity for youth
● In 1972, the voting age for federal elections dropped from 21 to 18.
○ More provinces had already lowered theirs (for provincial elections.)
● Legal drinking age was lowered to 18
○ This was an attempt to decrease the appeal of illegal drugs.

104
Q

What was the women’s movement?

A

● Feminism emerged as a significant force during the social protests in the 1960s.
● Women felt isolated in the suburbs and trapped by roles that did not allow them to develop their potential
● In respnse to the pressure from feminists, the government set up the Royal Commission on the Status of Women in 1967, which concluded that:
○ Women should have the right to choose to work outside the home
○ Society in general, as well as parents, should take some responsbility for children; therefore, day care services should be provided.
○ Women should be entitled to paid maternity leave from their jobs
○ The federal government should do all it can to help overcome discrimination against women in society.

105
Q

What was the environmental movement?

A

● In 1962, a US writer, Rachel Carson, published Silent Spring.
○ The book warned the public that terrible damage was being done to the Earth’s air, water, and land.
● Organizations began to lobby the government to control industrial pollution.
● At first, businesses/governments resisted any attempts to limit pollution.
● Eventually, as the public concern rose dramatically, the federal governemnt and many provinces apssed laws that rquired companies to prove that their projects and plants would not harm their immediate environment.
● Recycling also became an issue
○ Automobile companies were pressured to make vehicles that were more fuel efficient and produced less pollution.
● Greenpeace was a popular environmental group.

106
Q

What was Greenpeace?

A

● The most famous environmental group was Greenpeace.
● Created in 1970 by a small group of activists in BC.
● Concerned about the testing of a nuclear bomb off the coast of Alaska
○ In protest, they took a small boat to the test area and refused to leave until the test was cancelled.
● Used many dramatics tactics to draw attention to environmental issues.
● The organization has attracted a lot of support, but also a lot of criticism fro their tactics.
● Today, the organization is based in Amsterdam (USA).

107
Q

Why did the OPEC impose an oil embargo?

A

● In 1973, war broke out in the Middle East between Israel and its Arab neighbours
- Many western countries, including Canada, supported Israel
● In retaliation, OPEC refused to sell oil to these countries

108
Q

Why did the oil embargo lead to?

A

● Oil and gas prices jumped about 400%

● This huge increase in oil priceses started a round of inflation

109
Q

What did many families choose to do in times of inflation?

A

● Two wage earners, dual-income families became common
- Women entered the workforce
● Their buying power decreased

110
Q

What were the two economic problems resulting from regionalism?

A

● Regional disparity

● Western alienation

111
Q

What was regional disparity?

A

● Economic gap between the poorer and more prosperious regions of Canada

  • The fishing industry in Atlantic Canada and the forestry, mining, and fishing industires in BC suffered massive layoffs
  • Quebec and Ontario were resented
112
Q

What was western alienation?

A

● A sense of grievance against hte cnetral provinces in western Canada
- Many people in the Prairies believed that Ottawa’s policies favoured central Canada

113
Q

What did the federal government do in the 1970s that infuriated western Canada?

A

● The federal government froze the price on petroleum that was exported from western Canada
● The money raised by the tax would be used to subsidize the cost of imported oil in the East
● Alberta felt that they had the right to charge world prices for its oil

114
Q

What did the Trudeau government do to reduce unemployment and regional disparity?

A

● Increased transfer payments to the provinces to be used for social services
● Spent millions of dollars on regional projects in certain areas, esp the Atlantic provinces
● Brought in the National Energy Program (NEP)

115
Q

What were the three aims of the National Energy Program?

A

● Reduce consumption of oil
● Protect Canadians from rising oil prices
● Make Canada self-sufficient in oil

116
Q

What did the NEP do?

A

● It provided funding to Canadian petroleum companies to drill for oil in promising sites in the Arctic and off the coast of Newfoundland
● It encouraged consumers to switch from oil to gas and electric sources of power

117
Q

What was Alberta’s reation to the NEP?

A

Alberta reacted angrily

118
Q

Define budget

A

Government plans for revenue and spending each year

119
Q

Define surplus budget

A

Revenues greater than expenditure

120
Q

Define debt-carrying charges

A

Interest payment on debt

121
Q

Define balanced budget

A

Expenditures = revenues

122
Q

What was Mulroney’s approad in cutting the debt?

A

● Cutting back on the role of government in the economy

  • Trimming social programs
  • Cutting taxes
123
Q

Was Mulroney successful in reducing government debt? WHy or why not?

A

● He was not successful
● Canada was hit by recession in 1990
● Businesses failed and workers lost their jobs
● Fewer people paid taxes but more needed welfare and unemployment insurance
● The government was forced to increased taxes and the debt also increased

124
Q

What was Chretien’s approach in cutting the debt

A

● To inject more money into the economy

● These projects would create jobs, and workers would then spend their earnings and boost the economy

125
Q

Why and how did Chretien’s strategy changed?

A

● At then end of 1994, interest rates shot up
● Finance Minister Paul Martin announced that Canada could no longer afford “big government”
- It could not afford to continue spending on social services
- He began cutting federal government

126
Q

Was Chretien successful in reducing govnermnet debt?

A

yes

127
Q

What were the consequences in Chretien’s strategy to reduce the debt?

A

● Universities and colleges had to raise their tuition fees
● Health care system suffered badly
● Many jobs in the federal civil service were fired
● Transfers to provinces for post-secondary education was cut

128
Q

What technologies were invented after WWII?

A 
● Television
● Ballpoint pen
● Transistor
● Birth control pill
● Disposable diapers
● Pacemaker
● Dialysis machines (artificial kidneys)
● "test-tube baby"
● Cloning -- Dolly
● Video-cassette recorders (VCRs)
● Microwave ovens
● Cable television
● Compact disk
● Microchip
● Commodore 64 computer
● Internet
● Global Positioning System (GPS)

Social Studies - Ms. Swistak (13 decks)

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