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Biology > Ch. 8-3 > Flashcards

Ch. 8-3 Flashcards

to study for part of the final

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1
Q

Every living cell lives in a ______ environment

A

liquid

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2
Q

How do cell membranes maintain homeostasis?

A

by regulating molecule movement from one side of the membrane to the other

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3
Q

Do solutes move all the time or stay still?

A

They move all the time

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4
Q

Particles naturally move from ____ to _____ concentration. This is known as _______.

A

high to low;
diffusion

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5
Q

Molecules move from an area of high to low concentration until they reach…

A

equilibrium

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6
Q

True or False: Because molecules move after equilibrium is reached, the concentration of one side of the membrane changes.

A

FALSE: The molecules move in opposite directions across the membrane at the same rate, so there’s no net change in concentration.

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7
Q

The movement of molecules across the cell membrane without using cellular energy

A

Passive transport

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8
Q

What kinds of molecules can go directly through the cell membrane?

A

small and uncharged molecules

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9
Q

What kinds of molecules CAN’T go directly through the cell membrane?
Also give an example

A

ions (which are charged) & large molecules
e.g., Chloride, glucose

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10
Q

What carbon compound lets certain molecules go through facilitated diffusion?

A

Proteins acting as carriers

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11
Q

How many kinds of proteins can help with facilitated diffusion?
Can a protein work with any molecule?

A

Hundreds;
No, they are specific to certain molecules

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12
Q

Does facilitated diffusion require cellular energy

A

No

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13
Q

Why can’t water molecules directly go through the cell membrane?

A

Because parts of the membrane (the lipid’s tails) are hydrophobic.

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14
Q

The channel protein that helps water go through the membrane

A

aquaporins

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15
Q

Define osmosis

A

the facilitated diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

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16
Q

In osmosis, water moves from _____ to ____ concentration
Hint: how is it like in diffusion normally?

A

high to low

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17
Q

Higher solute concentration means there is a ______ water concentration (assuming the solute is dissolved in water) and vice versa

A

lower

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18
Q

In osmosis, water moves from one side to another or to both sides?

A

Both, but there’s a net movement to wherever there’s a higher solute concentration

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19
Q

When will water stop moving across the membrane?

A

When equilibrium is reached

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20
Q

When the concentration of water & a solute is the same on both sides of a membrane, the solutions are…

A

isotonic (same strength/solute)

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21
Q

To have a greater solute concentration than the other solution

A

hypertonic (above strength/solute)

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22
Q

To have a smaller solute concentration than the other solution

A

hypotonic (below strength/solute)

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23
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

The net movement of water out of or into a cell

24
Q

In what solution will an animal cell shrink?

A

Hypertonic solution

25
Q

Animal cells in hypotonic solutions will…

A

swell or burst

26
Q

With respect to freshwater, are cells hypertonic or hypotonic? Why?

A

Hypertonic, because they have salts, sugars, proteins etc.

27
Q

In freshwater, do cells swell or shrink?

A

swell

28
Q

In plant cells, osmotic pressure can change the size of the ______ to shrink or swell.

A

central vacuole

29
Q

Are cells of large organisms likely to burst? Why or why not?

A

No,because those cells are surrounded by blood or other isotonic solutions, rather than freshwater

30
Q

Why is osmotic pressure not a problem for frog & fish eggs?

A

Those cells don’t have water channels, so the water moves in too slow to harm them

31
Q

Why is osmotic pressure not a problem for bacteria & plants?

A

The cell walls stop them from expanding

32
Q

What kind of cell holds their shape in both hypertonic and hypotonic solutions?
A) animal cells
B) plant cells
C) both
D) neither

A

B) plant cells

33
Q

Increased osmotic pressure makes plant cells vulnerable to…

A

cell wall injuries

34
Q

Define active transport

A

the movement of particles against a concentration difference, requiring energy

35
Q

The protein that transports ions & small molecules across the cell membrane

A

Transport proteins i.e, protein pumps

36
Q

Endocytosis & exocytosis transport… (hint: 2 answers)

A

large molecules & clumps of material

37
Q

The transport of large materials sometimes requires the cell membrane to…

A

change shape

38
Q

The energy from ____ pumps molecules through protein pumps

A

ATP

39
Q

ATP becomes _____ when giving off energy for active transport

A

ADP

40
Q

Do the protein pumps change shape or not during active transport?

A

They change shape

41
Q

Name an example of an ion proteins transport

A

calcium, potassium, and sodium ions

42
Q

Do cells spend a considerable or insignificant portion of their energy on molecular transport?

A

A considerable portion

43
Q

What does the use of energy in molecular transport allow the cell to do?

A

It allows the cell to concentrate substances in a specific location

44
Q

Define bulk transport

A

the transport of large molecules & solid clumps of material

45
Q

The form of bulk transport depends on the _____ and ______ of the material moving into & out of the cell

A

size and shape

46
Q

The process by which materials are take INTO the cell

A

Endocytosis

47
Q

How is endocytosis carried out?

A

via infoldings (i.e, pokcets) of the cell membrane

48
Q

The pocket _____ from the cell membrane to form a ______.

A

breaks; vesicle

49
Q

Name three things endocytosis can take in

A

large molecules, clumps of food and whole cells

50
Q

a type of Endocytosis wherin extensions of the cytoplasm surround a particle & package it in a food vacuole, which the cell then engulfs

A

Phagocytosis

51
Q

Name one cell that uses phagocytosis

A
  1. White blood cells
  2. amoebas
52
Q

Phagocytosis requires considerable or insignificant amounts of energy?

A

considerable amounts

53
Q

a type of Endocytosis wherin tiny pockets form a long the cell membrane, fill themselves with liquid, and pinch off to form vacuoles

A

Pinocytosis

54
Q

The process by which materials are take OUT of the cell

A

Exocytosis

55
Q

How does exocytosis work?

A

A material is surrounded by the membrane of the vesicle or vacuole. The membrane of the vesicle or vacuole fuses with the cell membrane, which expels the material out of the cell.

56
Q

An example of exocytosis

A

water being removed by a contractile vacuole

Biology (5 decks)

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