Ch. 17-2: Ideas that influenced Darwin

Question 1

What two types of scientists were the ones that influenced Darwin’s ideas?

Answer 1

Geologists and naturalists

Question 2

The two geologists that influenced Darwin

Answer 2

James Hutton and Charles Lyell

Question 3

Hutton & Lyell concluded (separately) that Earth is very ____

Answer 3

old

Question 4

Who came first: Hutton or Lyell?

Answer 4

Hutton

Question 5

True or False: The two geologists also concluded that the Earth is always changing

Answer 5

True

Question 6

True or False: Processes that changed the Earth in the past aren’t operating anymore

Answer 6

False

Question 7

Hutton proposed that certain forces can push _________ to build mountains

Answer 7

rock layers

Question 8

What is it called when geographic features are worn away by rain, wind, heat, and freezing?

Answer 8

Erosion

Question 9

The fact that geological processes happen very slowly led Hutton to come up with the concept of…

Answer 9

deep time

Question 10

Define deep time

Answer 10

the idea that Earth is so old that humans can’t comprehend it

Question 11

Lyell believed in uniformitarianism. Define that.

Answer 11

the doctrine that the laws of nature are constant, so the same geological processes which occurred long ago still happen today

Question 12

What did Darwin read while on the HMS Beagle?

Answer 12

Lyell’s books

Question 13

One day, Darwin saw a volcano in Chile erupt. He later learned that a volcano 840 miles away…

Answer 13

erupted the same night

Question 14

On his voyage, Darwin experienced an earthquake that threw him to the ground and …

Answer 14

lifted a part of the shoreline more than 3 meters out of the sea

Question 15

Where did Darwin see fossilized marine animals?

Answer 15

In mountains hundreds of miles above sea level

Question 16

Darwin reasoned that earthquakes pushing rocks up very slowly could form ____ from rocks once underwater

Answer 16

mountains

Question 17

What did Jean-Baptiste Lamarck suggest?

Answer 17

He said individuals could change their traits during their lifetime and could pass them on to their offspring

Question 18

What is Lamarck’s principle called?

Answer 18

inheritance of acquired characteristics

Question 19

Why did Lamarck think individuals would try to get better characteristics?

Answer 19

Because he thought all organisms wanted to become more complex & perfect

Question 20

True or False: Lamarck believed individuals could change the shape of their organs by using their body in certain ways

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Lamarck said that not using a body part would cause it to…

Answer 21

shrink

Question 22

Was Lamarck right? Why?

Answer 22

No. Organisms don’t have a “desire” to become better, and acquired traits don’t cause a species to evolve

Question 23

Lamarck was the first to do what?

Answer 23

He was the first to propose a MECHANISM for how evolution could occur

Question 24

Lamarck recognized that organisms’ adapatations are related to their…

Answer 24

environments and way of “making a living”

Question 25

What did Thomas Malthus think would happen if there were too many people?

Answer 25

There wouldn't be enough room and resources for everyone

Question 26

Name the three factors Malthus said curbed population growth

Answer 26

war famine disease

Question 27

Why'd Darwin think Malthus' principles applied to animals?

Answer 27

Because animals have way more offspring than can survive. However, the world isn't overrun with those species, meaning the weakest individuals died

Question 28

Because of what breeders of plants & animals told him, Darwin realized what?

Answer 28

He realized that individuals organisms have differences between one another

Question 29

Variation

Answer 29

individual organisms of a species having different traits from one another

Question 30

Can any differences between organisms be passed on to the next generations? What is this called?

Answer 30

Yes Inherited variation

Question 31

How does artificial selection work?

Answer 31

There is some variation between individuals, and humans choose to breed only individuals with traits they like. This causes the trait to be more widespread in that species

Question 32

True or false: Darwin knew about how heredity worked & genes

Answer 32

False

Question 33

Before Darwin, how'd scientists view variation?

Answer 33

Before, scientists saw variation as unimportant accidents.

Question 34

How did Darwin change the perception of variation among species?

Answer 34

Darwin argued variation was important because different traits in a population gives nature different traits to select from for the next generations.