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Biology 1 > Ch. 7.3 Macroevolution > Flashcards

Ch. 7.3 Macroevolution Flashcards

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1
Q

All the birds are similar to each other, what is the different part of them?

A

Shape of their bills

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2
Q

What does larger beak of bird express?

A

More protein BMP4 -bone morphogenic protein

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3
Q

When do birds with larger beaks survive better and what is the reason behind that?

A

Birds with larger beaks survive better in dryer season because there are larger and harder seeds to find than smaller seeds

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4
Q

When do birds with smaller beaks survive better and what is the reason?

A

Birds with smaller beaks survive better in wet season because there are many smaller seeds available

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5
Q

What are two rates of evolutionary changes?

A

Gradualism and Punctuated equilibrium

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6
Q

What is Gradualism?

A

evolutionary change that occurs extremely slowly

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7
Q

What is Punctuated equilibrium

A

how species experience long periods of little or no evolutionary change (stasis), interrupted by bursts of evolutionary change

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8
Q

What are 3 evidences for macroevolution?

A
  1. Fossils
  2. Anatomical record
  3. Molecular record
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9
Q

What are fossils?

A

Fossils are most direct evidence of evolution
Mostly they are bones and bones contain calcium and will not degrade by microorganisms (like rocks)

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10
Q

What are vertebrate embryos?

A

Animals that have vertebrate when they are embryos

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11
Q

What are two things that embryos have in common?

A

pharyngeal pouches (develop into gills for fish) and bony tail

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12
Q

What are homologous structures?

A

Similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor such as limbs of humans, cats, and whales

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13
Q

What are main similarities found in macromolecules of species?

A

Protein and DNA sequences

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14
Q

What is homologous molecules?

A

A comparison of human and mouse gene sequences which show homologous molecules

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15
Q

What are five factors that can alter the proportions of homozygotes and heterozygotes enough to cause evolution?

A
  1. Selection
  2. Mutation
  3. Non-random mating
  4. Migration
  5. Genetic drift
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16
Q

What are 3 types of natural selection?

A
  1. Directional 2. Stabilizing 3. Disruptive
17
Q

What is directional selection?

A

Natural selection that occurs when individuals with specific trait survive and reproduce better than others

18
Q

What is stabilizing selection?

A

Natural selection that occurs when it favors intermediate variant than the others and intermediate variants survive and reproduce better

19
Q

What is disruptive selection?

A

Natural selection that occurs when extreme values of trait is favored than others and extreme variants survive and reproduce better

20
Q

What is mutation?

A

Mutation is a change in a nucleotide sequence in DNA

21
Q

What should mutations affect in order to be passed on to the offspring?

A

The mutations must affect the DNA of gametes so that it can be passed on to the offspring

22
Q

When does non random mating occur?

A

Nonrandom mating occur when individuals prefer mates with particular ‘superior’ physical characteristics or by the preference of individuals to mate with individuals similar to themselves or prefer physical accessibility

23
Q

What is migration?

A

Migration is the movement of individuals between populations

24
Q

What are 2 factors that decides magnitude of migration effect?

A
  1. The number of migrants in the population
  2. The difference in allele frequency between the migrants and the
    original population
25
Q

What is genetic drift of bottleneck effect?

A

extreme example of genetic drift that happens when the size of a population is severely reduced

26
Q

What is genetic drift of founder effect?

A

Genetic drift when a few individuals from a population randomly start a new population with a different allele frequency than the original population

27
Q

What is hardy-weinberg equilibrium?

A

When proportion of genotypes remain constant from generation to generation without disturbance of outside factors, they will be in hardy-weinberg equilibrium principal which explained by equation

28
Q

What is the equation for hardy-weinberg equilibrium?

A

p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

29
Q

How do you find out that there is hardy-weinberg equilibrium?

A

When frequencies in subsequent generations continue to show that allele frequencies remain the same (match the equation)

30
Q

What does it mean to have hardy-weinberge euqilibrium applied population?

A

It means that the population is not evolving

Biology 1 (11 decks)

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