Ch. 24.1 Bacteria

Question 1

What does normal flora of bacteria regulate?

Answer 1

Regulate the immune system to tolerate food molecules

Question 2

What does normal flora of bacteria prevent?

Answer 2

Prevent growth of harmful bacteria

Question 3

What does normal flora of bacteria produce?

Answer 3

Produce vitamins K and B

Question 4

What does normal flora of bacteria increase?

Answer 4

Increase growth of intestinal cells and help maintain a healthy mucosal layer

Question 5

When does normal flora of bacteria produce lactic acid and what is lactic acid?

Answer 5

Produce lactic acid during fermentation, lactic acid lowers pH and prevents growth of pathogenic species

Question 6

What does normal flora of bacteria convert?

Answer 6

Convert carbohydrates into short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) that can be absorbed and used for energy

Question 7

What is short-chain fatty acids (SCFA)?

Answer 7

SCFA are used by the brain and regulate brain function

Question 8

What does normal flora of bacteria release?

Answer 8

Release important minerals from food, such as magnesium, calcium, zinc, and iron

Question 9

What can normal flora of bacteria metabolize?

Answer 9

Normal flora can metabolize carcinogens that have healthy intestinal bacteria playing a role in preventing colon, breast, and prostate cancers

Question 10

What is capsule for bacteria?

Answer 10

Protein layer outside the cell wall and membrane

Question 11

What is flagella for bacteria?

Answer 11

Long, threadlike outgrowths that are used in movement of bacteria

Question 12

What is pili for bacteria?

Answer 12

Shorter outgrowths that are helping cells to exchange DNA

Question 13

How does gram positive of bacteria look like?

Answer 13

Gram positive of bacteria has plasma membrane that is encased within cell wall of peptidoglycan

Question 14

How does gram negative of bacteria look like?

Answer 14

Gram negative of bacteria has plasma mebrane encased within thin peptidoglycan and peptidoglycan is covered by lipopolysaccharide

Question 15

What does gram negative resistant to?

Answer 15

Gram negative are resistant to penicillin

Question 16

What is endospore?

Answer 16

Endospore is thick-walled structure for some bacteria that is highly resistant to environmental stress and can be dormant for months or years

Question 17

In what condition does bacteria form endospore?

Answer 17

Some bacteria form endospore in the harsh conditions

Question 18

What is antibiotic resistance?

Answer 18

Antibiotic resistance is the ability of a bacterium to withstand the effects of an antibiotic

Question 19

What is multi-resistance or superbug?

Answer 19

When a bacterium carries several resistance genes

Question 20

When does antibiotic resistance occur for bacteria?

Answer 20

Resistance most commonly occurs because of prophylactic treatment of humans and farm animals with antibiotics

Question 21

What is the process of antibiotic resistance?

Answer 21

1. Enzymes break down antibiotics.
2. An antibiotic may be modified so it is harmless to a bacterium.
3. Membrane proteins can adapt to excrete an antibiotic.
4. DNA mutations (natural selection)

Question 22

What is opportunistic infection?

Answer 22

Organisms that cause infection only when a person’s immune system is suppressed or when their normal flora is damaged (e.g., after antibiotic treatment), are considered opportunistic

Question 23

What organisms can cause opportunistic infection?

Answer 23

bacteria, viruses, fungus, or parasites

Question 24

In which situations opportunistic infection can occur?

Answer 24

Suppressed immune system, Altered normal flora, Malnutrition, Cancer patients on chemotherapy or radiation, Immunosuppression medication, Immunodeficiency, such as in people with HIV, Damaged skin barrier

Question 25

What is pathogenic bacteria?

Answer 25

bacteria that can cause disease

Question 26

Explain MRSA of pathogenic bacteria

Answer 26

Infected on skin, wounds, bloods: Staphylococcuus overgrows in immunosuppressed people

Question 27

Explain VRE of pathogenic bacteria

Answer 27

Infected on small intestine and urinary tract: Diarrhea infection associated with people taking antibiotics and killing normal flora

Question 28

Explain Chlamydia trachomatis of pathogenic bacteria

Answer 28

Infected on genitals and eyes: Sexually transmitted infection which is silent causing serious infection in women

Question 29

Explain Neisseria gonorrhoeae of pathogenic bacteria

Answer 29

Infected on genitals, mouth, and throat: causing symptoms in men, burning sensation when urinating, and discharge no symptoms in women

Question 30

Explain Streptococcus pyogenes of pathogenic bacteria

Answer 30

Infected on the throat mostly but can infect skin as well: Caused by overgrowth strains of strep bacteria caused by stress mostly; Vey sore and red throat

Question 31

Explain Escherichia coli of pathogenic bacteria

Answer 31

Infected on Gastrointestinal tract: E.Coli is normal flora that is in large intestine of animals, if eaten it cause food poisoning usually happens because of eating uncooked beef or pork

Question 32

Explain Salmonella of pathogenic bacteria

Answer 32

Infected on Gastrointestinal tract: Salmonella can cause food poisoning if ingested large amounts but does not require treatment usually except for children

Question 33

Explain campylobacter jejuni of pathogenic bacteria

Answer 33

Infected on Gastrointestinal tract: Causes food poisoning in developed countries after eating contaminated food or water also called traveller’s diarrhea

Question 34

Explain mycobacterium tuberculosis of pathogenic bacteria

Answer 34

Infected on respiratory system:Transmitted through airborned particles killing 50 % of people with infection, 90% of people do not have symptoms, symptoms include blood coughing, fever, and weight loss

Question 35

Explain Clostridium tetani of pathogenic bacteria

Answer 35

Infected on central nervous system: Caused by toxin by bacteria that block inhibitory neurotransmitters therefore cause continuous muscle contraction