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Biology 1 > Ch. 5.1-5.3 Binary Fission & Mitosis Ch. 5.4 Cell Cycle Regulation and Cancer > Flashcards

Ch. 5.1-5.3 Binary Fission & Mitosis Ch. 5.4 Cell Cycle Regulation and Cancer Flashcards

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1
Q

What are two stages of Cell Division in ‘Prokaryotes’?

A
  1. Copy the DNA which is ‘replication’
  2. Split the cell in two to form daughter cells which is ‘Binary Fission’
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2
Q

Where is hereditary information stored in ‘Prokaryote’?

A

DNA

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3
Q

The ‘Prokaryotic’ chromosome is

A

Single Circle of DNA

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4
Q

‘Prokaryotic’ DNA replication begins with

A

unzipping of double stranded DNA at point called ‘origin of replication’

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5
Q

‘Prokaryotic’ new DNA double helix is formed by

A

adding complementary nucleotides to the exposed DNA strand that has been unzipped

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6
Q

What is binary fission?

A

the process of Cell grows and splits in two after the replication

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7
Q

What is genetic variation for Asexual Reproduction and sexual reproduction?

A

Asexual reproduction=clones=no genetic diversity
Sexual reproduction=genetic diversity

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8
Q

Bacteria’s (Prokaryote) adaptation replies on

A

genetic diversity

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9
Q

Bacteria(Prokaryote) use these 3 mechanisms for increasing generic variation other than sexual reproduction

A
  1. Conjugation 2. Transformation 3. transduction
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10
Q

What is Conjugation?

A

acquire DNA from other bacteria(pili)

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11
Q

What is transformation?

A

acquire DNA from surroundings

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12
Q

What is transduction?

A

acquire DNA from viruses

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13
Q

How is DNA packaged in Eukaryotic cell?

A

DNA in eukaryotic cell is linear and packaged into compact chromosome

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14
Q

What are 2 mechanisms for Eukaryotic cells to divide the DNA

A

Mitosis and meiosis

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15
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Cell division mechanism that occurs in somatic cells

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16
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Cell division mechanism that occurs in germ cells

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17
Q

What is the example of germ cells and number of chromosomes in germ cells?

A

23 chromosomes for Sperm, Ovum(egg) & 46 chromosomes(haploid) for fertilized egg

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18
Q

What is the example of somatic cells and number of chromosomes in somatic cells?

A

Blood cells, skeletal/muscle cells, stem cells, neuron cells…etc(all other cells except the germ cells) & 46 chromosomes(Diploid)

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19
Q

What are distinct phases for eukaryotic cell cycle

A

Interphase (G1, S, and G2 phases), Mitosis (M phase), and Cytokinesis (C phase)

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20
Q

Explain the interphase of eukaryotic cell cycle for mitosis

A

G1: Period of cell growth before DNA replicates
S: Period when DNA replicates and chromosomal proteins are duplicated
G2: Period after DNA replicates, cell prepares for division

21
Q

Explain the Mitosis of eukaryotic cell cycle for mitosis

A

M Phase: Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

22
Q

What are alleles?

A

Homologous chromosomes containing same gene but may have different variation of those genes (Unduplicated)

23
Q

What are sister chromatids?

A

Result of DNA replication that is exactly the same

24
Q

What is a centromere?

A

Structure that sister chromatids are joined

25
Q

How many pairs of homologous chromosomes do humans have?

A

Humans have 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes (total of 46 chromosomes, 92 chromosomes if they are replicated)

26
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

Karyotype is an arrangement of chromosomes

27
Q

What does interphase do?

A

Interphase sets the stage for cell division; Chromosomes are duplicated

28
Q

What does condensation mean in interphase?

A

Chromosomes wind up tightly in progress

29
Q

What is mitosis of cell cycle?

A

Mitosis is division of nuclear contents

30
Q

What are the stages of mitosis

A
  1. Prophase 2. Interphase 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase
31
Q

Explain the prophase of Mitosis

A
  1. Condensed chromosomes become visible
  2. Nuclear Envelope begins to disintegrate (break up).
  3. Nucleolus disappears
  4. Centrioles separate in the center of the cell and migrate to opposite ends (Poles) of cells
32
Q

What does centrioles do in the prophase of mitosis?

A

The centrioles start to from a network of ‘spindle fibers’
Each cable in the ‘spindle fibers’ is made of ‘microtubules’
‘Microtubles’ grow from each pole until it is attatched to a centromere at a disc of protein called a ‘kinetochore’

33
Q

Explain the metaphase of Mitosis

A
  1. The chrosomes attatched to microtubules of the spindles are alligned in the center of the cell
  2. The centromers are alligned along a imagenary plane which cuts cells in half, and this is called equotorial plane
34
Q

Explain the anaphase of Mitosis

A
  1. Sister chromatids separate; Enzyme breaks the cohensin and the kinetochores
  2. The microtubules of the spindle is dismantled; it pulls chromatids toward the pole
35
Q

Explain the telophase of Mitosis

A
  1. Spindle is dismantled
  2. A nuclear envelope froms around the set of chromosome at each pole
  3. The chromosomes begin to become uncondensed
  4. Nucleolous reappears
36
Q

Explain the cytokinesis of Mitosis

A

The cytokinesis occurs at the end of mitosis and is a division of the cytoplasm into half

37
Q

How does cytokinesis occur in animals and how is it evident?

A

It occurs by actin filaments contracting and pinching cells in two
It is evident because there is cleavage furrow between the daughter cells

38
Q

How is cell cycle controlled?

A

Cell cycle is controlled by checkpoints which ensure previous phase is completed before advancing to next phase

39
Q

What are 3 principal check points in eurokaryotic cell cycle?

A

G1, G2, and M checkpoints

40
Q

What is G1 checkpoint?

A

Checkpoint determining whether cell divides and enters S phase

41
Q

What is G2 checkpoint?

A

This checkpoint leads to mitosis

42
Q

What is M checkpoint?

A

M checkpoint occurs during metaphase of mitosis and it triggers it exit M phase and advance to G1 phase

43
Q

What is cancer?

A

Cancer is growth disoder of cells

44
Q

What is benign tumors?

A

Benign tumors are surrounded by healthy layers and do not spread into other areas

45
Q

What is Malignant tumors?

A

It does not have layers and spread into other areas to form new tumors; These cells are called metastaes

46
Q

What are proto-ocogenes?

A

Proto-ocognes encode the protein that stimulate cell division; Mutations to these genes may cause cell division excessivley and that will be called ocognes

47
Q

What are Tumor surpressure genes?

A

Tumor surpressure genes turn off cell division in healthy cells and it leads to uncontrolled cell division if it is mutated

48
Q

What is p53 and what does p53 do?

A

p53 is gene that affects G1 checkpoint and it checks abnormal DNA to prevent it from cell division with damaged DNA; if this gene is damaged, it may allow cell division unchecked

49
Q

What are phytochemicals?

A

Phytochemicals regulate our immune reponse, decrease angiogenesis, or antioxidants preventing radical molecules; Those can be found in food

Biology 1 (11 decks)

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