Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 1 > Ch. 1-4 > Flashcards

Ch. 1-4 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is every living thing made up of basic elements?

A

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What molecules do the basic elements of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen form?

A

sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, and nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What macromolecules do the molecules of sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, and nucleotides combine into?

A

polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates), proteins, fats, and nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the definition of Metabolism?

A

Metabolism is the transfer of energy from one form to another: for example, our muscles converting ATP into movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Explain the negative feedback mechanism

A

Negative feedback mechanism consists of receptor that detects stimulus and sends it to the integrating centre which sends the signal to the effector and then response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Explain the positive feedback mechanism

A

Childbirth would be the example for positive feedback mechanism where the response is increasing the original stimulus until the baby is born

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Is it healthy adult male or adult female that has more percentage of water?

A

It is healthy adult male that has more percentage of water in their body, female usually has more fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What molecules are hydrophilic?

A

Polar molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What molecules are hydrophobic?

A

Non-polar molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is amphipathic?

A

Molecules that are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What atom does all living thin is based on?

A

Carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are building molecules of the body?

A

Macromolecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What componenets are macromolecules are assembled from?

A

Monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is polymer?

A

Assembled chain of monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How is covalent bond formed?

A

By removing hydroxyl group (OH) from one subunit and Hydrogen from another subunit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is dehydration synthesis

A

process of linking together two subunits to form a polymer, removal of a molecule of water (H2O)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

process of disassembling polymers into component monomers which is the reverse of dehydration synthesis, molecule of water is added to break the covalent bond between the monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are protein made up of?

A

amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is peptide bond?

A

The covalent bond linking two amino acids together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is polypeptide?

A

The assembled polymer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are amino acids?

A

small molecules with a simple basic structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are 3 groups of a carbon atom is attached to form the amino acids?

A

an amino group (-NH2)
a carboxyl group (-COOH)
a functional group (R)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What number of amino acids is essential from total 20 amino acids and what are they?

A

9 are essential which are histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine,
threonine, tryptophan, and valine and you get it from diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are 4 levels of protein structure and explain the characteristic of each protein structure levels.

A
  1. Primary-Linear chain of amino acids
  2. Secondary-Sheet shaped and alpha helix of amino acids
  3. Tertiary-3 Dimensional folding pattern of protein
  4. Quaternary-Same 3 dimensional fold pattern but has one more of it
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What causes protein unfold or denature?

A

Changes to the environment of the protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What environment affects hydrogen bonding or hydrophobic interactions?

A

Increased temperature or lower pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Is denature protein active or inactive?

A

Inactive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Does denaturing proteins impact amino acids?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is anabolic reaction?

A

Enzymatic reactions that build molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is catabolic reaction?

A

Enzymatic reactions that break down molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are enzymes?

A

biological catalyst and is almost always a protein, it speeds up the rate of a specific chemical reaction in the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What do DNA and RNA have in common?

A

They have monomers called nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are 3 parts that nucleotide has?

A
  1. Five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)
  2. Phosphate
  3. Nitrogenous base
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What does Adenine (A) pair with and Cytosine (C) pair with in structure of DNA?

A

Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C) pairs with Guanine (G)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What does Adenine (A) pair with in structure of RNA?

A

Adenine (A) pairs with Uracil (U) in RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What does carbonhydrates do?

A

Carbohydrates make up the structural framework of cells and play a critical role in energy production and storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What ratio does carbonhydrate contain elements C, H, O?

A

a 1:2:1 ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are simple carbonhydrates made up of?

A

Simple carbohydrates are made up of one or two monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are complex carbonhydrates made up of?

A

Complex carbohydrates are made up of polymers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What do monosaccharides consist of?

A

Monosaccharides consist of only one monomer subunit, such as sugar glucose (C6H12O6)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What do disaccharides consist of?

A

Disaccharides consist of two monosaccharides, such as sugar sucrose which contain two monosaccharides: glucose and fructose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What does surcrose have?

A

glucose and fructose (table sugar)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What does Lactose have?

A

glucose and galactose (milk)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What does Maltose have?

A

glucose and glucose (grain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Is fibre digested in our digestive tract?

A

Fibre is a complex carbohydrate that is not digested in our digestive tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What subunits do fats have?

A
  1. Fatty acids
  2. Glycerol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is hydrocarbon for fatty acids?

A

Chains of C and H atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What group does hydrocarbon has at the end to from fat molecule?

A

The chain ends with a carboxyl (-COOH) group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are examples of saturated fats and unsaturated fats?

A

Saturated fats:Meat, poultry, dairy, eggs, coconut oil, palm oil, butter, avocados
Unsaturated fats:Olive oil, fish, peanut oil (healthy)& Corn oil, vegetable oil, canola oil, safflower oil (highly processed refined oils are considered less healthy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

How are transfats created and what is that process called?

A

Trans fats are created by heating liquid vegetable oils in the presence of hydrogen gas, a process called hydrogenation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Where is cholesterol synthesized and located?

A

Cholesterol is synthesized by liver and they are found in liver and brain cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What are functions of cholesterol?

A
  1. Maintain cell membrane flexibility
  2. Produce steroid hormones
  3. Produce bile (used to break down fats)
  4. Help transport fats through bloodstream (HDLs and LDLs)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

primary fats found in cell membranes, along with some cholesterol and they are amphipathic

54
Q

What does plasma membrane of the cell?

A

forms the boundary of the cell

55
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

Cytoplasm fills the interior of the cell and includes the organelles

56
Q

What is cytosol?

A

Cytosol is the fluid component of the cytoplasm

57
Q

What does receptor of membrane do?

A

Receptors bind to substances outside of the cell and affect the function of that cell, such as hormones

58
Q

What are antigen of membrane?

A

Antigens are membrane proteins that act as markers, such as bloodtype proteins

59
Q

What does transport of membrane do?

A

Transport allows substances to cross the membrane, such as ion channels or carrier proteins

60
Q

What does adhension of membrane do?

A

Adhesion connects cells together

61
Q

What does gap junctions of membrane do?

A

Gap junctions allow cells to directly communicate

62
Q

What structures do prokaryotic cells have in common?

A

Nucleoid region, cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall(gram positive/negative), capsule

63
Q

What structure do prokaryotic cells sometimes have?

A

Flagellum (plural, flagella): protein fibre that extends from the cell surface, Pilus (plural, pili): like a short flagellum which exchange information between cells

64
Q

What structures do eukaryotic cells have in common?

A

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus

65
Q

What structure do eukaryotic cells sometimes have?

A

Cell wall for fungi some protists, and plants

66
Q

What is nuclear membrane?

A

a doublemembrane, also called nuclear envelope

67
Q

What does Nuclear pores do?

A

allow molecules to move into and out of nucleus

68
Q

What is Nucleolus?

A

Nucleolus is site of transcription of ribosomal RNA

69
Q

What does rough ER do?

A

contains ribosomes and is site of protein synthesis (translation)

70
Q

What is smooth ER ?

A

the site of lipid and carbohydrate synthesis

71
Q

What are golgi bodies?

A

flattened membranes that collect, modify, package, and distribute molecules manufactured in the cell

72
Q

What does mitochondria do?

A

Mitochondria produce energy in form of ATP through process of oxidative phosphorylation containing DNA and ribosome

73
Q

What is ribosome composed of and what does it do?

A

composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and protein
Does protein synthesis

74
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that break down macromolecules and old organelles

75
Q

What are Peroxisomes?

A

Peroxisomes break down long-chain fatty acids for use by mitochondria to produce ATP and contain molecules that help to detoxify substances
Liver cells contain high amounts of peroxisomes

76
Q

What are centrioles?

A

Centrioles, found in most eukaryotic cells except for plants and fungi, are involved in the organization of spindle fibres (microtubules) that transport chromosomes during cell division

77
Q

What are microtubules?

A

Microtubules: large (25nm) hollow tubes

78
Q

What are Intermediate filaments?

A

10 nm in width, intertwined rope structure

79
Q

What are Microfilaments?

A

7 nm in width, composed of actin proteins

80
Q

What does collagen do?

A

gives tissues strength and resists stretching, such as skin, bones, and tendon

81
Q

What does elastin do?

A

gives tissues flexibility, such as skin, bladder, lungs, and blood vessels

82
Q

What are Integrins?

A

Integrins are membrane-spanning proteins that help to transfer signals to the inside of the cell

83
Q

What does Fibronectin do?

A

Fibronectin connects integrins to other extracellular proteins

84
Q

What are Proteoglycans?

A

Proteoglycans are glycoproteins that hold water and allow tissues to be highly hydrated, such as skin and joints

85
Q

What are tight junction?

A

Tight junctions hold some cell types together and prevent molecules from moving between cells, such as the blood-brain barrier

86
Q

What are Adhering junctions?

A

Adhering junctions anchor cells to the ECM, found in cells that undergo a lot of stretching, such as skin

87
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

Gap junctions form channels that directly connect cells together and allow them to communicate, such as in the heart muscle to allow for simultaneous contraction

88
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

Simple diffusion is when molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
No ATP and membrane protein required

89
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Osmosis is when water moves from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration—no ATP required

90
Q

What happens if solution is hypertonic?

A

Water will move from cell into solution; cell will shrink

91
Q

What happens if solution is hypotonic?

A

Water will move from solution into cell; cell will swell and could burst

92
Q

What happens if solution is isotonic?

A

Water will move equally into and out of cell; cell will stay the same

93
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Requires membrane protein, no ATP, and molecules move down their concentration gradient as channels allow for it

94
Q

What is primary active transport?

A

Requires membrane protein carriers, ATP required, and molecules move against their concentration gradient

95
Q

What is sodium and potassium pump?

A

One of membrane protein carriers that use ATP to pump 3 Na+ out of the cell and 2 k+ into the cell

96
Q

What is proton pump?

A

One of membrane protein carriers that uses energy to pump protons across a membrane

97
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

formation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the movement of hydrogen ions (H+) across a membrane

98
Q

What are symport and antiport?

A

Symport:substances move in the same direction
Antiport:substances move in opposite directions

99
Q

What does secondary active transport do?

A

Secondary active transport involves the use of the sodium gradient outside of cells to pull other nutrients such as glucose or amino acids into a cell so that ATP is not required

100
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Endocytosis is the engulfing of substances outside of the cell in order to form a vesicle that is brought inside the cell

101
Q

What are phagocytosis and pinocytosis of endocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis: solids, such as immune cell engulfing pathogens
Pinocytosis: fluids, such as human egg engulfing fluids with nutrients before fertilization

102
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Exocytosis is the discharge of substances from vesicles at the inner surface of the cell

103
Q

What bond ca energy be released?

A

Energy can be released from molecules that have C–H bonds

104
Q

What does aerobic respiration require?

A

The process of aerobic respiration requires oxygen and glucose to make ATP

105
Q

What is oxidation of cellular respiration?

A

Oxidation is the loss of electrons

106
Q

What is reduction of cellular respiration?

A

Reduction is the gain of electron

107
Q

What are two stages of cellular respiration?

A

Glycosis and Krebs cycle

108
Q

Where does glycosis occur and does it need oxygen?

A

Occurs in the cytoplasm
Does not require oxygen to generate ATP

109
Q

Where does Krebs cycle occur and what is the process of it?

A

Occurs in mitochondria
Harvests energy-rich electrons and protons (NADH) through a cycle of oxidation reactions
Electrons passed to an electron transport chain to power the production of ATP

110
Q

What is glycosis?

A

Glycolysis is a sequence of chemical reactions that break one glucose molecule (six carbons) into two pyruvate molecules (three carbons)

111
Q

What is substrate level phosphorylation?

A

The breaking of bonds is used to form ATP

112
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

Phosphorylation is the process of adding a phosphate to ADP

113
Q

How many ATP does glycosis produce?

A

Glycosis yields small amount of ATP, only four ATP are made for each molecule of glucose

114
Q

What is oxidation of pyruvate?

A

In the presence of oxygen, the first step of oxidative respiration in the mitochondrion

115
Q

What does pyruvate dehydrogenase do?

A

They cleave off one of three carbons from pyruvate when it’s being oxidized

116
Q

How is acetyl-CoA is formed during pyruvate oxidation?

A

Carbon leaves as CO2, h leaves and adds to the NAD to form NADH, remaining two carbons join CoA to form acetyl-CoA

117
Q

What happens to plenty of ATP during oxidation?

A

The plenty of ATP causing acetyl-CoA lead to the fat synthesis

118
Q

Explain 3 stages for Krebs Cycle

A
  1. Acetyl-CoA enters the cycle and binds to a four-carbon molecule, forming a six-carbon molecule.
  2. Two carbons are removed as CO2 and their electrons donated to NAD+. In addition, an ATP is produced.
  3. The four-carbon molecule is recycled, and more electrons are extracted, forming NADH and FADH2.
119
Q

What does mitochondria use to make ATP?

A

Chemiosmosis

120
Q

What does proton pump use to pump protons across the cristae?

A

Proton pumps use energetic electrons extracted from food molecules to pump protons across the cristae

121
Q

Where do NADH and FADH2 transfer their electrons?

A

Electron transport chain

122
Q

What is electron transport chain and what does it do?

A

It is a series of membraneassociated molecules and they transport electrons to each other and act as proton pumps

123
Q

What are the macromolecules that can be broken down into ATP?

A

All of them including
Polysaccharides: glucose
Protein: amino acids
Triglycerides: fatty acids and glycerol
Nucleic acids: nucleotides

124
Q

Where do organisms rely on to produce ATP if there is no oxygen?

A

They rely on the glycosis

125
Q

What happens during the process of fermentation?

A

the hydrogen atoms from the NADH generated by glycolysis are donated to organic molecules, and NAD+ is regenerated

126
Q

What does getting continual NAD+ allow for?

A

Continual of Glycosis

127
Q

What does fermentation in yeast produce?

A

NAD+ and ethanol

128
Q

What does fermentation in animals produce?

A

NAD+ and lactate (lactic acid)

129
Q

How is ATP produced from muscle and liver cells?

A

ATP is produced from burning fats in muscle and liver

130
Q

What are the hormones that stimulate breaking fat into ATP or maintain blood sugar?

A

Glucagon
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Growth Hormone
DHEA
Thyroid hormones

Biology 1 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions