Ch 7- Textbook

Question 0

What happens in classical conditioning?

Answer 0

• We learn to associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate events (a stimulus is any event or situation that evokes a response)

Question 1

What is associative learning?

Answer 1

• Learning that certain events occur together

- The two events may be two stimuli (classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (operant conditioning)

Question 2

What happens in operant conditioning?

Answer 2

• We learn to associate a response (our behaviour) and its consequence.

Question 3

What is cognitive learning?

Answer 3

• Acquisition of mental information, by observing events, by watching others, or through language

Question 4

Who discovered classical conditioning and how?

Answer 4

• Ivan Pavlov

- Through experiments with dogs

Question 5

What is a neutral stimulus?

Answer 5

• A stimulus that elicits no response before learning

Question 6

What is an unconditioned response?

Answer 6

An unlearned, automatic response (ex: salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (ex: food in the mouth).

Question 7

What is an unconditioned stimulus?

Answer 7

• A stimulus that unconditionally- naturally and automatically triggers a response (UR).

Question 8

What is a conditioned response?

Answer 8

A learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS).

Question 9

What is a conditioned stimulus?

Answer 9

• An originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR).

Question 10

What is acquisition?

Answer 10

Classical- the initial stage, when one links a neural stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response.
Operant- the strengthening of a reinforced response

Question 11

What is higher- order conditioning?

Answer 11

• A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus.

Question 12

What is extinction?

Answer 12

Classical- When an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS).
Operant- When a response is no longer reinforced.

Question 13

What is spontaneous recovery?

Answer 13

The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

Question 14

What is generalization?.

Answer 14

• The tendency to respond like-wide to stimuli similar to the CS.
  Ex: toddlers taught to fear moving cars also fear trucks and bikes.

Question 15

What is discrimination?

Answer 15

• The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus (which predicts the US) and other irrelevant stimuli.

Question 16

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 16

• When organisms learn to associate their actions with consequences
• Actions followed by reinforcers increase, actions followed by publishers decrease

Question 17

What is the law of effect?

Answer 17

• Principle that behaviours followed by favourable consequences become more likely, and behaviours followed by unfavourable consequences become less likely
  Ex: Skinner box

Question 18

What is reinforcement?

Answer 18

• Any event that strengthens (increases the frequency of) a preceding response
• What is reinforcing depends on the animal and the conditions

Question 19

What is shaping?

Answer 19

• An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behaviour toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behaviour

Question 20

What are the two types of reinforcers?

Answer 20

Positive- stimulus that strengthens the response
Negative- strengthens a response by reducing or removing negative stimuli- not punishment, just removes a punishing (aversive) event.

Question 21

What are primary and conditioned reinforcers?

Answer 21

Primary- An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. Ex: getting food when hungry

Conditioned- A stimulus that gains it’s reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer ex:Money, Good grades.

Question 22

What is a reinforcement schedule?

Answer 22

A pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

Question 23

What is continuous reinforcement?

Answer 23

Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

Question 24

What is partial (intermittent) reinforcement?

Answer 24

Reinforcing a response only part of the time- for slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction ex: slot machines.

Question 25

What is punishment?

Answer 25

Any event that tends to decrease the behaviour that it follows

Question 26

Where is operant conditioning applied?

Answer 26

• Schools
• Sports
• Work

Question 27

What is B. F Skinner’s Legacy?

Answer 27

• Insisted that external influences (not internal thoughts and feelings) shape behaviour
• Said knowing this, we should use rewards to evoke good behaviour

Question 28

What are respondent behaviours?

Answer 28

• When we associate different stimuli we do not control, and we respond automatically (classical conditioning)

Question 29

What are operant behaviours?

Answer 29

When we associate our own behaviours that act on our environment to produce rewarding or punishing stimuli with their consequences

Question 30

What is modelling?

Answer 30

The process of observing and imitating a specific behaviour

Question 31

What are mirror neurons?

Answer 31

Frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so