Ch 7- Textbook Flashcards
(32 cards)
What happens in classical conditioning?
- We learn to associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate events (a stimulus is any event or situation that evokes a response)
What is associative learning?
- Learning that certain events occur together
- The two events may be two stimuli (classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (operant conditioning)
What happens in operant conditioning?
- We learn to associate a response (our behaviour) and its consequence.
What is cognitive learning?
- Acquisition of mental information, by observing events, by watching others, or through language
Who discovered classical conditioning and how?
- Ivan Pavlov
- Through experiments with dogs
What is a neutral stimulus?
- A stimulus that elicits no response before learning
What is an unconditioned response?
An unlearned, automatic response (ex: salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (ex: food in the mouth).
What is an unconditioned stimulus?
- A stimulus that unconditionally- naturally and automatically triggers a response (UR).
What is a conditioned response?
A learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS).
What is a conditioned stimulus?
- An originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR).
What is acquisition?
Classical- the initial stage, when one links a neural stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response.
Operant- the strengthening of a reinforced response
What is higher- order conditioning?
- A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus.
What is extinction?
Classical- When an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS).
Operant- When a response is no longer reinforced.
What is spontaneous recovery?
The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
What is generalization?.
- The tendency to respond like-wide to stimuli similar to the CS.
Ex: toddlers taught to fear moving cars also fear trucks and bikes.
What is discrimination?
- The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus (which predicts the US) and other irrelevant stimuli.
What is operant conditioning?
- When organisms learn to associate their actions with consequences
- Actions followed by reinforcers increase, actions followed by publishers decrease
What is the law of effect?
- Principle that behaviours followed by favourable consequences become more likely, and behaviours followed by unfavourable consequences become less likely
Ex: Skinner box
What is reinforcement?
- Any event that strengthens (increases the frequency of) a preceding response
- What is reinforcing depends on the animal and the conditions
What is shaping?
- An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behaviour toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behaviour
What are the two types of reinforcers?
Positive- stimulus that strengthens the response
Negative- strengthens a response by reducing or removing negative stimuli- not punishment, just removes a punishing (aversive) event.
What are primary and conditioned reinforcers?
Primary- An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. Ex: getting food when hungry
Conditioned- A stimulus that gains it’s reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer ex:Money, Good grades.
What is a reinforcement schedule?
A pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced
What is continuous reinforcement?
Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
