Ch 11- Textbook

Question 0

What is an instinct?

Answer 0

• A complex behaviour that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
• To qualify as an instinct, a complex behaviour must have a fixed pattern throughout a species

Question 1

What are motivations?

Answer 1

• A need or desire that energizes and directs behaviour

- Arise from the interplay between nature and nurture

Question 2

What is drive- reduction theory?

Answer 2

• The idea that a physiological need creates an a roused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

Ex: Food is a NEED which leads to a DRIVE of hunger, which then leads to a DRIVE- REDUCING behaviour of eating

Question 3

What is homeostasis?

Answer 3

• The maintenance of a steady internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry (i.e blood glucose) around a particular level

Question 4

What is an incentive?

Answer 4

• A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behaviour(pulls or repels us)
  Ex: The aroma of good food may motivate our behaviour of eating

Question 5

What is the hierarchy of needs?

Answer 5

• Priorities of living characterized by Abraham Maslow
• Base of the pyramid= physiological needs, such as those for hunger and thirst (food and water). Only if these needs are satisfied are we prompted to move up to satisfy other needs such as safety, belongingness and love.
• Top of the pyramid= self-transcendence needs of finding meaning and identify beyond the self.

Question 6

What is glucose?

Answer 6

• The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues
• When its level is low, we feel hunger

Question 7

What is ghrelin?

Answer 7

• A hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach
  (During bypass surgery for severe obesity, surgeons seal off part of the stomach- the remaining part of the stomach produces less ghrelin, and appetite lessens).

Question 8

What is the “set point”?

Answer 8

• The point at which an individual’s ‘weight thermostat’ is supposedly set
• When the body falls below this weight an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight
• Influenced by heredity

Question 9

What is basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

Answer 9

• The body’s resting rate of energy expenditure for basic bodily functions when the body is at rest
• How our bodies regulate the control of food intake, energy output, etc.

Question 10

Why do we crave carbohydrates when feeling tense or depressed?

Answer 10

• carbs boost levels of serotonin, which has calming effects

Question 11

What are situational influences on eating?

Answer 11

• Unit bias: people eat more when they have the option to (large bag of candy vs. Small bag).
• Food variety
• Eating with others

Question 12

How does sleep loss make individuals more vulnerable to obesity?

Answer 12

• Sleep deprivation causes levels of leptin (which reports body fat to the brain) to fall, and ghrelin (the appetite- stimulating stomach hormone) to rise

Question 13

What are the four stages of sexual excitement?

Answer 13

1. Excitement
2. Plateau
3. Orgasm
4. Resolution

Question 14

What do sex hormones do?

Answer 14

1. Direct the physical development of male and female sex characteristics
2. Activate sexual behaviour

Estrogen= female sex hormone
Testosterone= male sex hormone

Question 15

What are the predictors of sexual restraint?

Answer 15

• High intelligence
• Religious engagement
• Father presence
• Participation in service learning programs

Question 16

What is sexual orientation?

Answer 16

• An enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex or the opposite sex

Question 17

What does it mean to say that women have greater erotic plasticity than men?

Answer 17

• Women’s sexual orientation is more fluid and changing
• Women’s high sex drive is associated with increased attraction to both men and women
• Men’s high sex drive is only associated with an increased attraction to women

Question 18

What neural pathway is engaged in sexual behaviour?

Answer 18

• Hypothalamus

Question 19

What is ‘Flow’?

Answer 19

• A zone that people experience: in between the anxiety of being overwhelmed and stressed, and the apathy of being underwhelmed and bored
  Ex: artists painting pictures for hours, not even noticing how much time has gone by

Question 20

What is industrial- organizational psychology?

Answer 20

• Applied psychology’s principles to the workplace

3 sub fields:

1. Personnel psychology
2. Organizational psychology
3. Human factors psychology

Question 21

What do effective managers do?

Answer 21

• Help people identify and manage their talents;
• Match tasks to talents and then give people freedom to do what they do best;
• Care about how people feel;
• Reinforce positive behaviours thru recognition and reward

Question 22

What is social leadership?

Answer 22

• Group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support