Ch 3- Textbook

Question 0

What is consciousness?

Answer 0

• Awareness of ourselves and our environment
• Awareness that we are aware
• This awareness allow us to assemble information that helps us act in our long- term interests, by considering consequences

Question 1

What is cognitive neuroscience?

Answer 1

• The study of brain activity linked with mental processes/ cognition

Question 2

What is dual- processing?

Answer 2

• The fact that perception, language, memory, and attitudes operate on 2 levels- a conscious, deliberate “high road”, and an unconscious, automatic “low road”.

Question 3

What is blindsight?

Answer 3

• A condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it
• People act as if they can see
• Occurs because the eye sends information simultaneously to different brain areas which support different tasks

Question 4

What is the hollow face illusion?

Answer 4

• An example of the visual perception track (enables us to “think about the world” and plan future actions) and the visual action track (guides our moment- to- moment actions) conflicting

Question 5

What is selective attention?

Answer 5

• Focusing our conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

Ex: The cocktail party effect

Question 6

What is selective in attention?

Answer 6

• The fact that, at any level of conscious awareness, we are “blind” to all but a tiny sliver of visual stimuli

Question 7

What is unintentional blindness?

Answer 7

• Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

Question 8

What does change blindness suggest?

Answer 8

• We fail to notice changes in the environment

Question 9

Where does most information get processed during sleep?

Answer 9

• Outside of our conscious awareness

Question 10

What are sleep stages?

Answer 10

• 4 distinct stages we cycle through every 90 minutes during sleep

Question 11

What happens during REM sleep?

Answer 11

• Vivid dreams commonly occur

- Muscles are relaxed but other body systems are active

Question 12

What are alpha waves and when do the occur?

Answer 12

• Relatively slow brain waves

- Occur in a relaxed state

Question 13

What sleep stage do hallucinations and / or sensations of falling or floating occur in?

Answer 13

NREM- 1

Question 14

What sleep stage do sleep spindles (bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain wave activity) occur in?

Answer 14

NREM-2

Question 15

What are delta waves and what sleep stage are they most likely to occur in?

Answer 15

• Delta waves are large, slow waves associated with deep sleep
• Associated with NREM-3

Question 16

What sleep stage do you spend 20-25% of your night in? What sleep stage do you spend about half of the night in?

Answer 16

• REM sleep= 20- 25%

- NREM2- 50% of the night

Question 17

What do sleep theories state?

Answer 17

1. Sleep protects
2. Sleep helps us to recuperate
3. Sleep helps restore and rebuild our fading memories of the day’s experiences (consolidates)
4. Sleep builds creative thinking
5. Sleep supports growth

Question 18

What are night terrors and what sleep stage do they commonly occur in?

Answer 18

• A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of bring terrified
• Occur in stage 3

Question 19

What are dreams?

Answer 19

• A sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind
• Notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities and incongruities, and for the dreamer’s delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulty remembering it

Question 20

Why did Sigmund Freud say we dream?

Answer 20

• To satisfy our own wishes

- He considered dreams to be the key to understanding out inner conflicts

Question 21

Why do we dream?

Answer 21

• To file away memories
• To develop and preserve neural pathways
• To make sense of neural static
• To reflect cognitive development

Question 22

What is REM rebound?

Answer 22

• When people are deprived of REM sleep after repeatedly being awakened, they return more and more quickly go the REM stage after falling back to sleep

Question 23

What is hypnotic ability?

Answer 23

• The ability to focus attention totally on a task, to become imaginatively absorbed in it, to entertain fanciful possibilities

Question 24

What is dissociation?

Answer 24

• A split between levels of consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviours to occur simultaneously with others

Question 25

Why might an injured athlete not notice an injury until the end of the game?

Answer 25

• Their attention to certain stimuli (i.e their injury) was blocked, as they were caught up in competition.

Question 26

What are psychoactive drugs?

Answer 26

• Chemicals that change perceptions & mods

- What people with substance- realized disorders use

Question 27

What form of psychoactive drug is alcohol?

Answer 27

• Depressant: it calms neural activity and slows bodily functions

Question 28

What do stimulants do?

Answer 28

• Excite neural activity and speed up body functions.
• Cause energy and self- confidence to rise
  Ex: caffeine, ectasy, nicotine

Question 29

What is an amphetamine?

Answer 29

• A drug that stimulates neural activity, causing speeded- up body functions and associated energy & mood changes

Question 30

What do hallucinogens do?

Answer 30

• Distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.
• Heighten senses

Ex: marijuana, lsd

Question 31

What are the 3 influences on drug use?

Answer 31

• Biological influences
• Socio- cultural influences
• Psychological influences