CH 7 SG Flashcards

1
Q

Cellular respiration

A

A series of metabolic reactions that use the energy from carbohydrate fatty acid or amino acid breakdown to produce ATP molecules (mitochondria/cytoplasm(glycolysis))

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2
Q

How are breathing and cellular respiration are related?

A

a cellular process that produces energy, while simultaneously removing the waste product carbon dioxide, which is then exhaled

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3
Q

Chemical equation for cellular respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ———> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ~32 ATP

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4
Q

Chemical equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O —sunlight/photosynthesis—> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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5
Q

ATP

A

Nucleotide with three phosphate groups, the breakdown of ATP into ADP plus P makes energy available for energy-requiring processes and cells

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6
Q

What are the anaerobic processes for extracting energy from food?

A

fermentation and digestion are methods organisms use to extract energy from food without oxygen

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7
Q

reactants, products, and energy yield of alcohol fermentation

A

It breaks down sugars, like glucose, into ethyl alcohol and CO2, yielding only 2 ATP per glucose molecule, in contrast to the higher energy output of aerobic respiration

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8
Q

What role does oxygen play in the electron transport chain?

A

(oxygen drives the electrons chain/the oxygen is electronegative, therefore it pulls electrons through the chain)
It acts as the final electron acceptor

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9
Q

Great Oxidation Event (GOE)

A

(cyanobacteria releasing oxygen into the atmosphere) geological shift in Earth’s atmosphere that happen 2 to 2.5 billion years ago (the transition from an oxygen-free atmosphere to one with a small amount of oxygen) (early life was anaerobic)

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10
Q

photosynthesis

A

plants convert light energy into chemical energy (sugars) using water and carbon dioxide, occurring in organelles - chloroplasts within plant cells, specifically in the mesophyll tissue of leaves

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11
Q

NADPH

A

anabolic pathways (photosynthesis)
- a chemical compound that helps cells build molecules and maintain redox balance

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12
Q

NADH

A

catabolic pathways (cell respiration)
- nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H).” It occurs naturally in the body and plays a role in generating energy

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13
Q

FADH2

A

Krebs cycle only (cell respiration)
- (flavin adenine dinucleotide) coenzyme helps transport electrons during cellular respiration

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14
Q

What are the aerobic processes for extracting energy from food?

A

(for extracting energy from food cellular respiration) involves glycolysis, citric acid cycle, all requiring oxygen to efficiently convert food molecules into usable energy - ATP

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15
Q

reactants, products, and energy yield of lactic acid fermentation

A

glucose and glycolysis-produced pyruvate, which are converted to lactic acid as a product, with a net energy yield of 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule

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16
Q

Light reactions

A

of photosynthesis generate energy carriers, which in turn drive the manufacture of sugars via the Calvin cycle

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17
Q

Main 3 stages of Cellular Respiration:

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. citric acid cycle (or Kreb’s cycle)
  3. electron transport** (most ATP)
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18
Q

anaerobic

A

(“without oxygen”) some of your cells can work for short periods without oxygen

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19
Q

Fermentation

A

(Can make ATP w/o oxygen/harvest of food energy) This relies on glycolysis, the first stage of cellular respiration.
•Produces 2 ATP per glucose.

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20
Q

To harvest food energy during glycolysis…

A

NAD+ must be present to receive electrons.
–Must anaerobically recycle NADH back to NAD+.

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21
Q

Wastes from fermentation can be…, depending on the species.

A

ethyl alcohol, lactic acid, or other compounds

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22
Q

Anaerobic digestion

A

a biological process that breaks down organic materials without oxygen

23
Q

Energy carriers store energy in…

A

loosely bounded electrons and hydrogen atoms

24
Q

The overall effect of all this transfer of electrons during cellular respiration…

A

is a “downward” trip for electrons

25
Q

What’s the order for the transfer of electrons?

A

–from glucose,
–to NADH,
–to an electron transport chain, and
–to oxygen.

26
Q

Citric Acid Cycle

A

(Purposes is to make a bunch of energy carriers) biochemical reactions to release the energy stored in nutrients through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and alcohol
(in: Mitochondrion/input: 2 Acetyl CoA/output: 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2)

27
Q

Glycolysis

A

metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate and, in most organisms, occurs in the liquid part of cells (he universal energy-harvesting process of life) (in:Cytoplasm/input: 1 Glucose
(C6H12O6)/output: 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 Pyruvate)

28
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

The energy stored by electron transport behaves something like the water behind a dam (things want to diffuse)

29
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

(oxygen drives the electrons chain) protein complexes and molecules in the mitochondria that transfer electrons to generate cellular energy (ATP) through a process

30
Q

Redox/Oxidation-Reduction reactions

A

A paired set of chemical reactions in which one molecule gives up electrons (oxidized) while another molecule accepts electrons (reduced) (these are usually coupled, the pair of reactions)

31
Q

Preparatory reaction

A

(In between step 1 and 2) that converts pyruvate from glycolysis into acetyl-CoA, preparing it for the Krebs cycle, and releases CO2 and transfers electrons
(in: Mitochondrion/input: 2 Pyruvate/output: 2 Acetyl CoA, 2 NADH, 2 CO2)

32
Q

Substrate-level ATP synthesis

A

where a phosphate group is directly transferred from a high-energy intermediate molecule to ADP (adenosine diphosphate), forming ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

33
Q

NAD+

A

(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a coenzyme for redox reactions

34
Q

FAD

A

(flavin adenine dinucleotide) a coenzyme that helps enzymes function and is essential for cellular respiration

35
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

protein complexes and molecules in the mitochondria that transfer electrons to generate cellular energy (ATP) through a process called oxidative phosphorylation
(in: Mitochondrion/input: 10 NADH,
2 FADH2, 6 O2/output: ~32-34 ATP,
6 H2O)

36
Q

ADP

A

Nucleotide with two phosphate groups that can except another phosphate group and become ATP

37
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

(Smaller) No membrane-bound organelles, Single circular DNA molecule, Cell wall, Plasma membrane, Ribosomes, Cytoplasm, Flagella, Pili and fimbriae, Plasmids, & Capsule

38
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

(Larger) Plasmas membrane, Cytoplasm, Nucleus, Mitochondria, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Ribosomes, Lysosomes, Cytoskeleton, Centrioles, Nucleolus, Vesicles, & Chloroplasts

39
Q

ATP Synthase

A

Has the ability to make ATP by adding an extra phosphate to ADP

40
Q

Cytochrome molecules

A

Iron containing proteins that form parts of the electron transport chain

41
Q

Cristae

A

The membranous folds that extend into the matrix of a mitochondrion

42
Q

The electron transport chain receives high-energy electrons from…

A

NADH and FADH2

43
Q

As electrons are passed down the electron transport chain, the carrier molecules are first _________ as they pick up electrons, and then _________ as they release the electrons.

A

reduced; oxidized

44
Q

Why does FADH produce fewer ATP than NADH?

A

FADH, donates its electrons to the electron transport chain after NADH, therefore pumping fewer H+.

45
Q

ATP synthase is able to produce ATP when __________ move through the complex.

46
Q

ATP produced by chemiosmosis most directly uses the energy of _______ to drive the process.

A

an H+ gradient

47
Q

Inside the mitochondria, for each _________ molecule formed, 3 ATP are produced, and for each ________ formed, 2 ATP are produced.

A

NADH; FADH2

48
Q

What molecules are recycled during cellular respiration, including all of the enzymes used and the coenzymes?

A

-NAD+
-CoA
-FAD

49
Q

In some cells, NADH made during glycolysis in the cytoplasm can only cross the mitochondria membranes by…

A

a shuttle mechanism that uses one ATP for each NADH.

50
Q

Before entering the citric acid cycle, fatty acids are converted to…

A

2-carbon acetyl CoA.

51
Q

About ________ of the energy available is transferred from glucose to ATP during cellular respiration.

52
Q

How many ATP are required to shuttle an NADH molecule produced in the cytoplasm to the ETC in the mitochondria?

A

One ATP per NADH

53
Q

During cellular respiration, about ________ of the energy from the glucose molecule dissipates as heat.

54
Q

As the electrons pass from one carrier to the next, energy that will be used to produce ATP molecules is…

A

captured and stored as a hydrogen ion gradient.