Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Intro To Biology > CH 5 SG > Flashcards

CH 5 SG Flashcards

1
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

One parent, clonal offspring parents’ DNA, binary fission or mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why cell division is essential for all life?

A

it’s the process by which organisms grow, develop, repair damaged tissues, and reproduce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Three basic types of cell division

A

Binary fission, meiosis, mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

binary fission

A

Prokaryotes: (bacteria / archaea) Splitting of a parent cell into two daughter cells; serves as an asexual form of reproduction in bacteria *one parent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

mitosis

A

parent nucleus produces two offspring nuclei, each having the same number and kinds of chromosomes as the parent nucleus (diploid) (eukaryotic: single celled or multicellular) asexual reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the structure of chromosomes

A

thread-like structures made of DNA and proteins that carry genetic info (genes) found in nucleus and are They are structured as sister chromatids, which are identical copies, held together centromere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Stages of the cell cycle

A

(I PURCHASE MARIJUANA AROUND THE CORNER)
Interphase (replicating DNA (s part)),
prophase (packing up chromatin), metaphase (middle), anaphase (pull apart), and telophase (two new nuclei), and cytokinesis (cell splits)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Karyotype

A

Chromosomes arranged by pairs according to their size, shape, and general appearance in mitotic metaphase (visual display of chromosomes as they appear in cell division)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

cancer

A

a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells (malignant/benign)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

cytokinesis in animal cell

A

Division of the cytoplasm following mitosis or meiosis (forms cleavage furrow and pulls tight like a drawstring bag to split in 2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How are chromosomes paired?

A

involves the alignment and association of homologous chromosomes, which are pairs of chromosomes with the same genes in the same order (pairs facilitates DNA recombination)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Somatic cells

A

are the cells of an organism that are not germ cells, or reproductive cells (nerve cells, skin cells, and blood cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why does sexual reproduction require meiosis?

A

(it ensures the proper chromosome number is maintained across generations) Meiosis produces haploid gametes with half chromosomes as the parent cell, they fuse during fertilization to restore the diploid chromosome number in the offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the basics of the human lifecycle?

A

(It requires both meiosis and mitosis) (meiosis in males sperm production/meiosis in females egg production) haploid sperm fertilizes a haploid egg a zygote is diploid the zygote undergoes mitosis as it develops into a newborn child. Mitosis continues throughout life during growth and repair.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

sexual reproduction

A

Two parents, offspring mix of meiosis (requires fertilization of an egg by a sperm. (gametes))

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

cell division

A

The generation of offspring cells from a parent cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

meiosis

A

Type of nuclear division that reduces the chromosome number from 2n to n; offspring cells receive the haploid number of chromosomes and varied combinations/reduction division, (haploid) (eukaryotic: single celled or multicellular) (sexual reproduction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How is DNA packaged up for cell division (chromosomes)?

A

DNA wraps around histone proteins, forming nucleosomes. They coil and stack together to form chromatin. They loop and fold w/ the help of additional proteins, making condensed structure of chromosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Checkpoints in cell cycle

A

G1, S, G2/M
G0 - no more cell division (neurons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

cytokinesis in plant cells

A

formation of a new cell wall between the two daughter cells (forms a cell plate / Golgi vesicles that fuse together at the cell’s equator)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

gametes cells

A

sex cells, that carry a single set of chromosomes (haploid) and are produced through meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

diploid cells

A

(2n) a cell that contains two complete sets of chromosomes, meaning it has two copies of each chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

haploid cells

A

(n) A haploid cell has only a single set of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Cell cycle

A

An order sequence of events in eukaryotes that involves cell growth and nuclear division (consists of checkpoints G1, S, G2/M)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Interphase
Stages of the cell cycle (G1, S, G2) during which growth and DNA synthesis occur when the nucleus is not actively dividing (replicating DNA)
26
Centromere
Two twin chromatids are joined together tightly at the narrow waist
27
Cell cycle control system
The sequential events of the cell cycle are directed by this it consists of specialized proteins within the cell
28
Proto-oncogenes
Encode proteins that promote the cell cycle and prevent apoptosis (gas pedal of a car)
29
Tumor suppressor gene
Encode proteins that stop the cell cycle and promote apoptosis (acts like brakes on a car mutations causes brakes not to work)
30
Angiogenesis
Increase the blood supply to a tumor
31
Metastasis
The spread of a cancer
32
Benign tumor
(Hasn’t spread yet/smaller/less risk) non-cancerous growth that does not spread to other parts of the body
33
Malignant tumor
(Can/has spread/larger/more risk) a cancerous tumor characterized by uncontrolled cell growth that can invade surrounding tissues and spreads
34
Growth factor
A hormone or chemical secreted by one cell stimulates or inhibits growth of another cell(s)
35
Chromatid
Chromosome consists of a pair of sister chromosomes held together centromere each is comprised of a single DNA helix
36
Sister chromatid
One of the two genetically identical chromosomal units that are the result of DNA replication and are attached to each other at the centromere
37
Cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm, mitosis or meiosis
38
Oncogenes
Proto-oncogenes mutate and become cancer causing genes
39
Diploid
(donor) Number it contains a pair of each type of chromosomes
40
Haploid
(half) Number of chromosomes contains only one of each kind of chromosome
41
Spindle
dynamic structure composed of microtubules and associated proteins, that forms during cell division
42
Cell plate
Structure across the dividing plant cell that signals the location of the new plasma membrane/cell wall
43
Cleavage furrow
Indentation of the membrane between two offspring nuclei forms before split
44
Homologous chromosome
Member of a pair of chromosomes that are alike and come together in synapsis during prophase of the first meiotic division; a homologue
45
Synapsis
the pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I, where two chromosomes align closely together
46
Gamete
Fusion of sperm/eggs nuclear producing a zygote that develops into a new individual
47
Fertilization
Fusion of sperm/eggs nuclear producing a zygote that develops into a new individual
48
Crossing-over
Exchange of segments between non-sibling chromatids of bivalent during meiosis (exchanges the alleles between parental and maternal chromatids genetic recombination)
49
Independent assortment
Alleles of unlike gene segregate independently of each other during meiosis so that the gametes can contain all possible combinations of alleles
50
Interkinesis
period of time between meiosis I and meiosis II during which no DNA replication takes place
51
Spermatogenesis
(400 million a day) Production of sperm in males by the process of meiosis and maturation
52
Oogenesis
(Born w/ the amount of eggs you will ever have) Production of eggs and females by the process of meiosis and maturation
53
Polar body
Non-functional product of cogenesis produced meiosis three or four cells produced (small cells produced during oogenesis, the process of egg cell formation, which contain a nucleus but very little cytoplasm) (of unequal meiotic cell division)
54
Autosomes
22 pairs of matching chromosomes
55
Sex chromosomes
(two different) X and Y they determine a person sex (m or f) 23
56
Random fertilization
Combination of each unique sperm with each unique egg increases genetic variability ~ 64 trillion combos of chromosomes
57
Recombinet chromosomes
Increases genetic diversity
58
Metaphase for meiosis v. mitosis
Meiosis I – lined up in the middle of the cell in pairs Mitosis – lined up in the middle of the cell in single file
59
G1 phase checkpoint
(cells spend most of life here) restriction point or start checkpoint, monitors DNA damage, cell size, and nutrient availability before the cell enters the S phase (DNA replication) (makes organelles and proteins)
60
S (synthesis) phase checkpoint
monitors DNA replication It detects and arrests the cell cycle if there are any errors in DNA replication, such as stalled replication forks or DNA damage 23 pairs–>46 pairs
61
G2/M phase checkpoint
ensures that all chromosomes have been replicated correctly and that the DNA is free from damage (preparing for mitosis) (M phase) (verifies reaches an adequate size)(makes microtubules)
62
Prophase I
The longest phase, where chromosomes condense, pairing with their homologous counterparts, and crossing over occurs (exchange of genetic material)
63
Metaphase I
Homologous chromosome pairs line up along the center of the cell, ready to separate
64
Anaphase I
Homologous chromosomes separate and are pulled to opposite poles of the cell
65
Telophase I
The cell divides, forming two daughter cells, each with a haploid number of chromosomes
66
Prophase II
Chromosomes condense again, though they are now already haploid
67
Metaphase II
Sister chromatids (copies of each chromosome) line up along the center of the cell
68
Anaphase II
Sister chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite poles
69
Telophase II
The cell divides again, resulting in four haploid daughter cells (gametes)
70
Apoptosis
process of programmed cell death (cell suicide) a cell eliminates itself to maintain the body's health and development

Intro To Biology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions