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Intro To Biology > CH 2 SG > Flashcards

CH 2 SG Flashcards

1
Q

Chemical elements to living organisms importance

A

the fundamental building blocks of all living organisms, forming the molecules necessary for life processes like metabolism, growth, and reproduction

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2
Q

The structure of an atom

A

an extremely small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons

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3
Q

Isotope

A

Atoms are the same element having the same atomic #, but a different mass # due to the variation in the # of neutrons

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4
Q

Ionic bond

A

Chemical bond in which ions are attracted to one another by opposite charges

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5
Q

Chemical reaction

A

a process by which one or more reactants are converted into one or more products

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6
Q

List the many life-supporting properties of water

A

-High heat capacity (have)
-Adhesion (aunt)
-Polarity (patty)
-Cohesion (cook)
-Surface tension (some)
-Universal solvent (unsalted)
-Capillary action (cheesy)
-Lower density as a solid/ice floats (lasagna)

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7
Q

pH scale

A

a measurement system used to indicate how acidic or basic a substance is
(14 - most basic/7 - neutral/0 - most acidic)

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8
Q

Acid Precipitation

A

is rain, snow, or fog with a pH lower than 5

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9
Q

Atomic number

A

Number of protons within the nucleus of an atom

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10
Q

Mass number

A

Mass of an atom equal to the number of protons plus the number of neutrons within the nucleus

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11
Q

Compounds

A

Substance having two or more different elements in a fixed ratio

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12
Q

Uses of radioactive isotopes

A

(radioisotopes) used as tracers for diagnostic purposes(mostly cancers)/track the movement of specific molecules within an organism, often through imaging techniques

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13
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

Weak bond that arises between a slightly positive hydrogen atom of one molecule and a slightly negative atom of another molecule, or between parts of the same molecule

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14
Q

covalent bonds

A

Chemical bond in which atom share one pair of electrons

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15
Q

Heat capacity (have)

A

(Higher than most) the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a specific quantity of a substance by one degree Celsius

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16
Q

Acid Precipitation effects on ecosystems

A

CO2 dissolving in seawater lowers ocean pH in a process known as ocean acidification
-Damaging forests
-Lowering soil fertility
-Corroding buildings
-Degrading air quality
-Harming human health

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17
Q

importance of carbon to life’s molecular diversity

A

ability to form stable bonds with many other elements, including itself, allowing for the creation of large, complex molecules with a vast array of structures

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18
Q

What do chemical (functional) groups do?

A

specific arrangements of atoms within a molecule that determine the molecule’s chemical properties and reactivity “building blocks”

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19
Q

monomers

A

Repeated subunit of many large
organic molecules (essentially acting like building blocks that can be combined in different sequences to generate a vast array of complex structures)

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20
Q

Monosaccharides

A

-simple sugars that are the building blocks of carbohydrates
Sugars with 3 to 7 carbon atoms (pentose refers to a five-carbon sugar/hexose refers to a six-carbon sugar, like glucose)

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21
Q

chemical (functional) groups

A

-Hydroxyl Group (helen’s)
-Carbonyl Group (cute)
-Carboxyl Group/acidic (cats)
-Amino Group (and)
-Sulfhydryl Group (sweet)
-Phosphate Group (puppies)

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22
Q

disaccharides

A

a type of sugar molecule formed when two monosaccharides (simple sugars) are joined together by a glycosidic linkage “double sugar”

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23
Q

Polysaccharides

A

a large carbohydrate molecule composed of long chains of simpler sugar units ((monosaccharides) energy storage or structural support within organism)

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24
Q

Phospholipids

A

lipids that make up cell membranes and help control the flow of molecules in and out of cells

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25
sterols
a type of lipid (fat-like molecule) that are crucial components of cell membranes in all eukaryotic organisms (plants, animals, fungi)
26
Which monomers go with which polymers?
-Carbohydrates **bold text** (starch/glycogen/cellulose/chitin) -Lipids **bold text**(fats/oils/triglyceride/fatty acid/saturated fatty acids/Unsaturated fatty acids/Trans-fats/Phospholipids/Steroids) -Protein **bold text** (Peptides/polypeptide/peptide bond/Amino acids) -Nucleic Acids **bold text** (DNA/RNA/nucleotide/ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate))
27
Big 4 elements
– oxygen 65% – carbon 18.5% – hydrogen 9.5% – nitrogen 3.3%
28
Radioactive isotopes
The nucleus, decay spontaneously, giving off particles and energy radiation (radioactivity, the emission of high energy particles can kill cells by damaging DNA)
29
Trace elements
Are required and only very small amounts in our essential for life
30
Matter
Anything that takes up space and has mass
31
Element
All matter nonliving and living organisms are composed of certain basic substances
32
Properties of elements
Density, solubility, melting points, and chemical reactivity
33
Electron shell
Orbital/indicates the average location of electrons (electron energy level)
34
Octet rule
Atoms with more than one shell The valence shell is most stable when it has eight electrons
35
Ions
Charge particle that carries the negative or positive charge
36
Non-polar covalent bond
When the sharing of electrons between two atoms is fairly equal in a covalent bond
37
Polar covalent bond
Unequal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond
38
Calorie
Amount of heat energy needed to raise the temp of 1 g of water by 1°C
39
Solution
a homogeneous mixture that is made up of a solute, dissolved with a solvent
40
The dissolving agent is the…
Solvent
41
The dissolved substance is the…
Solute
42
Adhesion (aunt)
The ability of water molecules to cling to, or be attracted to, a surface, such as a transport vessel in a plant or animal
43
Polarity (patty)
the distinct difference in structure or function between opposite ends of a cell, molecule, or organism (opposite poles/property that produces unequal physical effects)
44
Cohesion (cook)
the attraction of molecules for other molecules of the same kind/water molecules have strong forces bc their ability to form hydrogen bonds with one another
45
Surface tension (some)
The property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force, due to the cohesive nature of its molecules
46
Universal solvent (unsalted)
a substance that can dissolve a wide variety of other substances
47
Capillary action (cheesy)
when liquid flows through narrow spaces without external forces, such as gravity
48
Lower density as a solid (lasagna)
it becomes less dense than liquid, causing ice to float on the surface of it due to its unique structure of its molecules (ice floats)
49
polymers
a substance made of many repeating units, or monomers, that are chemically bonded together to form long chains
50
Acid
Molecules tending to raise the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution/thus to lower it’s pH numerically (higher concentration of H+ then OH-) -releases hydrogen ions (H+)
51
Base
Molecules tending to lower the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution/thus to raise it’s pH numerically (higher concentration of OH-) -accepts hydrogen ions (H+) -releases hydroxide ions (OH-)
52
Dehydrated reaction
an −OH and −H are removed as a water molecule when monomers are joined to build polymers
53
Hydrolysis reaction
components of water are added when polymers are broken down
54
Carbohydrates
function as an energy source for living organisms -Also play a structural role in woody plants, bacteria, and insects -On cell surfaces, involved in cell-to-cell recognition
55
Lipids
contains more energy per gram than other biological molecules -Fats and oils are used for energy storage/insulation -Phospholipids form membranes -Steroids include sex hormones
56
Proteins
are polymers composed of amino acid monomers Amino acids: Central carbon atom bonded to three functional groups -Amino group (—NH2) -Acidic group (—COOH) (R group varies; determines uniqueness of amino acid)
57
Nucleic Acids
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) -Stores genetic information in the cell and in the organism -DNA replicates to transmit its information when a cell divides or an organism reproduces -RNA (ribonucleic acid)
58
Primary structure
is the linear sequence of the amino acids
59
Secondary structure
occurs when the protein takes on a certain orientation in space due to hydrogen bonding between amino acids -Coiling: Alpha helix -Folding: Beta sheet
60
Tertiary structure
is the final three-dimensional shape of a protein. -Maintained by various types of bonding between R groups -Covalent, ionic, hydrogen bonding, disulfide bonding
61
Quaternary structure
is found in proteins with multiple polypeptide chains -Separate polypeptide chains are arranged to give this highest structure
62
denatured
when it loses structure and function -Occurs when proteins are exposed to extreme heat or pH
63
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
-is a high-energy molecule -undergoes hydrolysis and energy is released -is the energy “currency” of the cell

Intro To Biology (9 decks)

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