CH 2 SG Flashcards
Chemical elements to living organisms importance
the fundamental building blocks of all living organisms, forming the molecules necessary for life processes like metabolism, growth, and reproduction
The structure of an atom
an extremely small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons
Isotope
Atoms are the same element having the same atomic #, but a different mass # due to the variation in the # of neutrons
Ionic bond
Chemical bond in which ions are attracted to one another by opposite charges
Chemical reaction
a process by which one or more reactants are converted into one or more products
List the many life-supporting properties of water
-High heat capacity (have)
-Adhesion (aunt)
-Polarity (patty)
-Cohesion (cook)
-Surface tension (some)
-Universal solvent (unsalted)
-Capillary action (cheesy)
-Lower density as a solid/ice floats (lasagna)
pH scale
a measurement system used to indicate how acidic or basic a substance is
(14 - most basic/7 - neutral/0 - most acidic)
Acid Precipitation
is rain, snow, or fog with a pH lower than 5
Atomic number
Number of protons within the nucleus of an atom
Mass number
Mass of an atom equal to the number of protons plus the number of neutrons within the nucleus
Compounds
Substance having two or more different elements in a fixed ratio
Uses of radioactive isotopes
(radioisotopes) used as tracers for diagnostic purposes(mostly cancers)/track the movement of specific molecules within an organism, often through imaging techniques
hydrogen bonds
Weak bond that arises between a slightly positive hydrogen atom of one molecule and a slightly negative atom of another molecule, or between parts of the same molecule
covalent bonds
Chemical bond in which atom share one pair of electrons
Heat capacity (have)
(Higher than most) the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a specific quantity of a substance by one degree Celsius
Acid Precipitation effects on ecosystems
CO2 dissolving in seawater lowers ocean pH in a process known as ocean acidification
-Damaging forests
-Lowering soil fertility
-Corroding buildings
-Degrading air quality
-Harming human health
importance of carbon to life’s molecular diversity
ability to form stable bonds with many other elements, including itself, allowing for the creation of large, complex molecules with a vast array of structures
What do chemical (functional) groups do?
specific arrangements of atoms within a molecule that determine the molecule’s chemical properties and reactivity “building blocks”
monomers
Repeated subunit of many large
organic molecules (essentially acting like building blocks that can be combined in different sequences to generate a vast array of complex structures)
Monosaccharides
-simple sugars that are the building blocks of carbohydrates
Sugars with 3 to 7 carbon atoms (pentose refers to a five-carbon sugar/hexose refers to a six-carbon sugar, like glucose)
chemical (functional) groups
-Hydroxyl Group (helen’s)
-Carbonyl Group (cute)
-Carboxyl Group/acidic (cats)
-Amino Group (and)
-Sulfhydryl Group (sweet)
-Phosphate Group (puppies)
disaccharides
a type of sugar molecule formed when two monosaccharides (simple sugars) are joined together by a glycosidic linkage “double sugar”
Polysaccharides
a large carbohydrate molecule composed of long chains of simpler sugar units ((monosaccharides) energy storage or structural support within organism)
Phospholipids
lipids that make up cell membranes and help control the flow of molecules in and out of cells
sterols
a type of lipid (fat-like molecule) that are crucial components of cell membranes in all eukaryotic organisms (plants, animals, fungi)
Which monomers go with which polymers?
-Carbohydrates bold text (starch/glycogen/cellulose/chitin)
-Lipids bold text(fats/oils/triglyceride/fatty acid/saturated fatty acids/Unsaturated fatty acids/Trans-fats/Phospholipids/Steroids)
-Protein bold text (Peptides/polypeptide/peptide bond/Amino acids)
-Nucleic Acids bold text (DNA/RNA/nucleotide/ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate))
Big 4 elements
– oxygen 65%
– carbon 18.5%
– hydrogen 9.5%
– nitrogen 3.3%
Radioactive isotopes
The nucleus, decay spontaneously, giving off particles and energy radiation (radioactivity, the emission of high energy particles can kill cells by damaging DNA)
Trace elements
Are required and only very small amounts in our essential for life
Matter
Anything that takes up space and has mass
Element
All matter nonliving and living organisms are composed of certain basic substances
Properties of elements
Density, solubility, melting points, and chemical reactivity
Electron shell
Orbital/indicates the average location of electrons (electron energy level)
Octet rule
Atoms with more than one shell The valence shell is most stable when it has eight electrons
Ions
Charge particle that carries the negative or positive charge
Non-polar covalent bond
When the sharing of electrons between two atoms is fairly equal in a covalent bond
Polar covalent bond
Unequal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond
Calorie
Amount of heat energy needed to raise the temp of 1 g of water by 1°C
Solution
a homogeneous mixture that is made up of a solute, dissolved with a solvent
The dissolving agent is the…
Solvent
The dissolved substance is the…
Solute
Adhesion (aunt)
The ability of water molecules to cling to, or be attracted to, a surface, such as a transport vessel in a plant or animal
Polarity (patty)
the distinct difference in structure or function between opposite ends of a cell, molecule, or organism (opposite poles/property that produces unequal physical effects)
Cohesion (cook)
the attraction of molecules for other molecules of the same kind/water molecules have strong forces bc their ability to form hydrogen bonds with one another
Surface tension (some)
The property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force, due to the cohesive nature of its molecules
Universal solvent (unsalted)
a substance that can dissolve a wide variety of other substances
Capillary action (cheesy)
when liquid flows through narrow spaces without external forces, such as gravity
Lower density as a solid (lasagna)
it becomes less dense than liquid, causing ice to float on the surface of it due to its unique structure of its molecules (ice floats)
polymers
a substance made of many repeating units, or monomers, that are chemically bonded together to form long chains
Acid
Molecules tending to raise the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution/thus to lower it’s pH numerically (higher concentration of H+ then OH-)
-releases hydrogen ions (H+)
Base
Molecules tending to lower the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution/thus to raise it’s pH numerically (higher concentration of OH-)
-accepts hydrogen ions (H+)
-releases hydroxide ions (OH-)
Dehydrated reaction
an −OH and −H are removed as a water molecule when monomers are joined to build polymers
Hydrolysis reaction
components of water are added when polymers are broken down
Carbohydrates
function as an energy source
for living organisms
-Also play a structural role in woody plants, bacteria, and insects
-On cell surfaces, involved in cell-to-cell recognition
Lipids
contains more energy per gram than other biological molecules
-Fats and oils are used for energy storage/insulation
-Phospholipids form membranes
-Steroids include sex hormones
Proteins
are polymers composed of amino
acid monomers
Amino acids: Central carbon atom bonded to three functional groups
-Amino group (—NH2)
-Acidic group (—COOH)
(R group varies; determines uniqueness of amino acid)
Nucleic Acids
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
-Stores genetic information in the cell and in the organism
-DNA replicates to transmit its information when a cell
divides or an organism reproduces
-RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Primary structure
is the linear sequence of the amino acids
Secondary structure
occurs when the protein takes on a certain orientation in space due to hydrogen bonding between amino acids
-Coiling: Alpha helix
-Folding: Beta sheet
Tertiary structure
is the final three-dimensional
shape of a protein.
-Maintained by various types of bonding between R groups
-Covalent, ionic, hydrogen bonding, disulfide bonding
Quaternary structure
is found in proteins with
multiple polypeptide chains
-Separate polypeptide chains are arranged to give this highest structure
denatured
when it loses structure and function
-Occurs when proteins are exposed to extreme heat or pH
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
-is a high-energy molecule
-undergoes hydrolysis and energy is released
-is the energy “currency” of the cell
