Ch 7 - Psychological Disorders

Question 1

What is the biomedical approach to psychological disorders?

Answer 1

• takes into account only the physical and medical causes of a psychological disorder
• thus, treatments in this approach are a biomedical nature

Question 2

What is the biopsychosocial approach to psychological disorders?

Answer 2

• considers the relative contributions of biological, psychological, and social components to an individuals’ disorder
• treatments also fall into these 3 areas

Question 3

What is Schizophrenia?

Answer 3

the prototypical disorder with psychosis as a feature

- contains positive and negative symptoms

Question 4

What is the difference between positive and negative symptoms?

Answer 4

• positive: add something to behavior, cognition, or affect and include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, and disorganized behavior
• negative: the loss of something from behavior, cognition, or affect and include disturbance of effect and avolition

Question 5

What is the difference between depressive disorders: major, persistent, and seasonal?

Answer 5

• major: contains at least one major depressive episode with no manic episodes
• persistent: (dysthymia) for at least 2 years that does not meet criteria from a major depressive disorder
• seasonal: the colloquial name for major depressive disorders with seasonal onset, with depression occurring during the winter months

Question 6

What kind of episodes are in bipolar and related disorders?

Answer 6

manic or hypomanic

Question 7

What is the difference between bipolar 1, bipolar 2, and cyclothymic disorder?

Answer 7

• 1: contains at least one manic episode with or without depressive episodes
• 2: contains at least one hypomanic and at least one major depressive episode
• cyclothymic: contains hypomanic episodes with dysthymia

Question 8

What is the difference between the different anxiety disorders: generalized anxiety disorder, specific phobias, social anxiety, agoraphobia, panic?

Answer 8

• generalized: a dispropriate and persistent worry about many different things for at least 6 months
• specific phobias are irrational fears of specific objects or situation
• social anxiety is due to social or performance situation
• agoraphobia: fear of places or situations where it is hard for an individual to escape
• panic: marked by recurrent panic attacks; intense, overwhelming fear and sympathetic nervous system activity with no clear stimulus (may lead to agoraphobia)

Question 9

What is an obsessive-compulsive disorder?

Answer 9

characterized by obsessions (persistent, intrusive thoughts and impulses) and compulsion (repetitive tasks that relieve tension by cause significant impairment in a person’s life)

Question 10

What is a body dysmorphic disorder?

Answer 10

• characterized by an unrealistic negative evaluation of one’s appearance or a specific body part
• individual often takes extreme measures to correct the perceived imperfection

Question 11

What is posttraumatic stress disorder?

Answer 11

characterized by intrusion symptoms (relieving the event, flashbacks, nightmares), avoidance symptoms (avoidance of people, places, objects associated with trauma) negative cognitive symptoms (amnesia, negative mood and emotions) and arousal symptoms (increased startle response, irritability, anxiety)

Question 12

What are the dissociative disorders?

Answer 12

dissociative amnesia/identity disorder, depersonalization/derealization disorders

Question 13

What is dissociative amnesia?

Answer 13

• inability to recall past experiences without an underlying neurological disorder
• in severe forms, it may involve dissociative fugue, a sudden change in location that may involve the assumption of a new identity

Question 14

What is dissociative identity disorder?

Answer 14

the occurrence of 2+ personalities that take control of a person’s behavior

Question 15

What is the depersonalization/derealization disorders?

Answer 15

involve feelings of detachment from the mind and body or from the environment

Question 16

What do the somatic symptoms and related disorders involve?

Answer 16

significant bodily symptoms

Question 17

What is the somatic symptoms disorder?

Answer 17

involves at least one somatic symptom, which may or may not be linked to an underlying medical condition, that causes disproportionate concern

Question 18

What is illness anxiety disorder?

Answer 18

a preoccupation with thoughts about having, or coming down with, a serious medical condition

Question 19

What is conversion disorder?

Answer 19

involves unexplained symptoms affecting motor or sensory function and is associated with prior trauma

Question 20

What are personality disorders (PD)?

Answer 20

• patterns of inflexible, maladaptive behavior that cause distress or impaired functioning in at least 2 of the following: cognition, interpersonal functioning, or impulse control

Question 21

How are the clusters of personality disorders divided and what disorders are in which?

Answer 21

• A (odd, eccentric): paranoid, schizotypal, and schizoid
• B (dramatic, emotional, erratic): antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic
• C (anxious, fearful): avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compiulsive

Question 22

What is paranoid PD?

Answer 22

involves a pervasive distrust and suspicion of others

Question 23

What is schizotypal PD?

Answer 23

involves ideas of reference, magical thinking, and eccentricity

Question 24

What is schizoid PD?

Answer 24

involves detachment from social relationships and limited emotion

Question 25

What is antisocial PD?

Answer 25

disregard for the rights of others

Question 26

What is borderline PD?

Answer 26

instability in relationships, mood, and self-image

Question 27

What is splitting?

Answer 27

characteristic, as a recurrent suicide attempt

Question 28

What is histrionic PD?

Answer 28

constant attention-seeking behavior

Question 29

What is narcissistic PD?

Answer 29

grandiose sense of self-importance and need for admiration

Question 30

What is avoidant PD?

Answer 30

extreme shyness and fear of rejection

Question 31

What is dependent PD?

Answer 31

the continuous need for reassurance

Question 32

What is obsessive-compulsive PD?

Answer 32

perfectionism, inflexibility, and preoccupation with rules

Question 33

What biological factors accompany schizophrenia?

Answer 33

• genetic factors, birth trauma, adolescent marijuana use, family history
• high levels of dopaminergic transmission

Question 34

What biological factors accompany depression?

Answer 34

• high levels of glucocorticoids (cortisol) and low levels of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine

Question 35

What biological factors accompany bipolar disorders?

Answer 35

• high levels of norepinephrine and serotonin

- highly heritable

Question 36

What biological factors accompany Alzheimer’s disease?

Answer 36

• genetic factors, brain atrophy, decreases in acetylcholine, senile plaques of beta-amyloid, and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein

Question 37

What biological factors accompany Parkinson’s disease?

Answer 37

• bradykinesia, resting tremor, pill-rolling tremor, masklike facies, cogwheel rigidity, and a shuffling gait
• decreased production of dopamine by cells in the substantia nigra

Question 38

What are delusions?

Answer 38

• false beliefs discordant with reality and not shared by others in the individual’s culture that are maintained in spite of strong evidence to the contrary

Question 39

What is the difference between delusion of reference, persecution, and grandeur?

Answer 39

• reference: common elements in the environment are directed toward the individual (TV characters speaking to you directly)
• persecution: person is being deliberately interfered with, discriminated against, plotted against, or threatened
• grandeur: person is remarkable in some significant way, such as being an inventor, historical figure, or religious icon

Question 40

What is the difference between thought broadcasting and insertion?

Answer 40

• broad: one’s thoughts are broadcast directly from one’s head to external world
• insertion: thoughts placed in one’s head

Question 41

What is the difference between disorganized behavior and catatonia?

Answer 41

• dis refers to inability to carry out activity of daily living
• cat: certain motor behaviors characteristic of some people with schizophrenia

Question 42

What is echolalia and echopraxia?

Answer 42

• la: repeating another’s words

- prax: imitating another’s actions

Question 43

What are the symptoms of major depressive disorders and what is required?

Answer 43

SIG E CAPS

• sleep, interest, guilt, energy, concentration, appetite, psychomotor sx, suicidal thoughts
• include 2 weeks duration of at least 5 of these symptoms, at least one of the symptoms must be depressed mood or loss of interest (anhedonia)

Question 44

What are the symptoms of manic episodes and what is required?

Answer 44

DIG FAST

• distractible, insomnia, grandiosity, flight of ideas (racing thoughts), agitation, speech, thoughtlessness
• one week duration of at least 3 of these symptoms

Question 45

What is the difference between obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD)?

Answer 45

• OCD: marked by obsession (intrusive thoughts causing tension) and compulsions (repetitive tasks that relieve this tension but cause significant impairment)
• OCPD: individuals are perfectionistic and inflexible

Question 46

What is the relationship between obsession and compulsion?

Answer 46

obsessions raise tension while compulsion lowers tension