Ch 5 - Motivation, Emotion, and Stress

Question 1

What is motivation?

Answer 1

the purpose, or driving force, behind our actions

Question 2

What does it mean for motivation to be extrinsic or intrinsic?

Answer 2

• ex: based on external circumstances

- in: based on internal drive or perception

Question 3

What are the primary factors that influence emotions?

Answer 3

instinct, arousal, drives, and need

Question 4

What are instincts and the instinct theory?

Answer 4

• innate, fixed patters of behavior in response to stimuli

- theory: people perform certain behaviors because of these evolutionary programmed instincts

Question 5

What is the arousal theory and arousal?

Answer 5

• theory: people perform actions to maintain arousal at an optimal level
• arousal: the state of being awake and reactive to stimuli

Question 6

What is Yerkes-Dodson law?

Answer 6

shows that performance is optimal at a medium level of arousal

Question 7

What is drive (the difference between primary and secondary) and what is the Drive reduction theory?

Answer 7

• drive: internal states of tension that beget particular behaviors focused on goals (primary - bodily processes; secondary - learning and include accomplishments and emotions)
• theory: motivation arises from the desire to eliminate drives, which create uncomfortable internal states

Question 8

What are needs and what is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

Answer 8

• satisfying needs may also drive motivation
• hierarchy: prioritizes needs into 5 categories: physiological needs (highest), safety and security, love and belonging, self-esteem, and self-actualization (lowest)

Question 9

What is the self-determination theory?

Answer 9

emphasizes the role of three universal needs: autonomy, competence, and relatedness

Question 10

What is the incentive theory?

Answer 10

explains motivation as the desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishment

Question 11

What is the expectancy-value theory?

Answer 11

states that the amount of motivation for a task is based on the individual’s expectation of success and the amount that success is valued

Question 12

What is the opponent-process theory?

Answer 12

explains the motivation for drug use: as drug use increases, the body counteracts its effects, leading to tolerance and uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms

Question 13

What is emotion?

Answer 13

a state of mind, or feeling, that is subjectively experienced based on circumstances, mood, and relationships

Question 14

What are the 3 components of emotions?

Answer 14

• cognitive: subjective interpretation, memories of past experiences, perception of cause of emotion
• behavioral (facial expressions and body language)
• physiological (changes in the autonomic nervous system) - HR, breathing rate, skin temperature, BP

Question 15

What are the 7 universal emotions?

Answer 15

happiness, sadness, contempt, surprise, fear, disgust, and anger

Question 16

What is the James-Lange theory?

Answer 16

• stimulant leads to physiological arousal leading to cognitive labeling of emotion
• “I must be angry because my skin is hot and my BP is high”
• requires a connection between sympathetic NS and brain

Question 17

What is the Cannan-Bard theory?

Answer 17

• stimulus leads to physiological arousal and feeling of emotion
• thalamus processes sensory information sends it to cortex and sympathetic NS
• conscious feeling and physiological components of emotion are experienced at the same time
• “I am afraid because I see a snake and my heart is racing… Let me out of here!”
• does not explain vagus nerve

Question 18

What is the Schachter-Signer theory?

Answer 18

• both arousal and labeling based on environment required to feel an emotion
• “I am excited because my heart is racing and everyone else is happy”

Question 19

What is the limbic system?

Answer 19

the primary nervous system component involved in experiencing emotion

Question 20

Amygdala?

Answer 20

• involved with attention and fear,
• helps interpret facial expressions
• part of the intrinsic memory system for emotional memory

Question 21

Thalamus?

Answer 21

sensory processing station

Question 22

Hypothalamus?

Answer 22

releases neurotransmitters that affect mood and arousal

Question 23

Hippocampus?

Answer 23

creates long term explicit (episodic) memories

Question 24

What is the difference between the prefrontal, ventral prefrontal, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex?

Answer 24

• prefrontal: involved with planning, expressing personality, and making decisions
• ventral: critical for experiencing emotion
• ventromedial: involved in controlling emotions responses from amygdala and decision making

Question 25

What is stress?

Answer 25

the physiological and cognitive response to challenges or life changes

Question 26

What are the 2 appraisal stages of stress?

Answer 26

• primary: classifying a potential stressor as irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful
• secondary: directed at evaluating if the organism can cope with the stress, based on harm, threat, and challenge

Question 27

What is a stressor?

Answer 27

• anything that leads to a stress response and can include the environment, daily events, workplace or academic settings, social expectations, chemicals, biological stressors
• psychological stressors include pressure, control, predictability, frustration, conflict

Question 28

What can stressors lead to?

Answer 28

• distress: occurs when experiencing unpleasant stressors

- eustress: a result of positive conditions

Question 29

What are the 3 stages of general adaptation syndrome?

Answer 29

• alarm: activation of sympathetic NS, release of ACTH and cortisol, stimulation of adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine
• resistance: continuous release of hormones activates sympathetic NS
• exhaustion: can no longer maintain elevated sympathetic NS activity, more susceptible to illness and medical conditions, organ systems deteriorate, death

Question 30

What is included in stress management?

Answer 30

psychological, behavioral, and spiritual aspects

Question 31

Based on the opponent-process theory, what clinical features would be expected with withdrawal from cocaine use?

Answer 31

• cocaine is a stimulant, causing euphoria, restlessness, increased HR, increased temperature, and anxiety
• according to the theory, cocaine withdrawal should be the opposite: depressed mood, fatigue, decreased HR, decreased temperature, apathy

Question 32

What is the difference between approach-approach, avoidance-avoidance, and approach-avoidance conflict?

Answer 32

• ap-ap: the need to choose between 2 desirable options (always positive outcome)
• av-av: choices between 2 negative options
• ap-ac: deal with only one choice, goal, or event, but the outcome could have positive or negative elements

Question 33

What emotions correspond to the left and right frontal lobes?

Answer 33

• left: positive feelings like joy and happiness

- right: negative feelings like sadness and disgust