Ch 7 Foundations, Floors, Ceilings and Walls Flashcards
Concept of ensuring the platform you are working on (roof or floor) will safely support you for the duration of your operations
Base of operations
(Safely support the base)
The buildings anchor to earth and base for all elements built above that anchor
Foundation
The platform and substructure that serves as a base for accommodating people, movement, furnishings, and fixtures with any building
Floor
An interior surface (lining) that covers the top of a ROOM and is not considered a structure element, such as walls, floors and foundations
Ceiling
A vertical or upright surface designed to enclose or divide a compartment. They can be loadbearing (a column structural element that supports floor or roof beams) or non-load bearing (supports its own weight plus anything attached to it)
Wall
The top portion of a structure that shelters interior spaces, and include structural supports and coverings
Roof
There are three common types of foundations in this country
Slab-on-grade, perimeter (deep foundation), basement/cellar
Structural elements responsible for carrying the load of a floor. These may be foundation walls, structural beams or stud loadbearing walls.
Floor supports
(1st of 4 primary parts)
A wood or steel beam used to create a floor or roof assembly that supports sheathing or decking. These span between primary supporting members such as foundations, loadbearing walls or structural beams
Joist
The construction industry defines this as the horizontal platform material that is attached to the top of floor joists and can be made from tongue and groove planking, plywood, OSB, or even lightweight concrete
Subflooring
The covering that serves as a durable and attractive surface to protect the subfloor
Floor covering
Metal hangers to connect joists are typically about _____ gauge
18
Concerning tin ceilings, this size tin panel is common
24 x 24 in
These walls are used to provide major subdivisions within a building for tenant needs
Occupancy division walls
These walls are used to subdivide a building to restrict the spread of fire and typically travel from grade floor/foundation through ceiling and project above a roof at least _____
Fire division walls
18 inches
These (also known as counter forts) are used to provide support against the lateral forces created where roof structural members rest on a wall. Commonly associated with Gothic church architecture, but can be found with lamella and tied arch roofs.
Buttresses
Difference between cellar and basement
Cellar has levels that are more than 50% of their height BELOW grade
Basement has more than 50% ABOVE ground
2 types of perimeter foundation
- Slab poured WITHIN the foundation (minimal hazards)
- Floor constructed ATOP perimeter foundation (crawl space)
Habitable spaces that are either completely or partially below the ground floor
Basements or cellars
These are basements are characterized by an exterior stairway entrance, and may be unprotected, partially covered, or fully enclosed
Walk up basements
(walk up the stairways)
These basements have walls that extend above the grade level, so that some of the windows are above grade
Look out basements
(Lookout for people above your paygrade)
A front basement unit may be also referred to as a?
Dungeon unit (Escape Window)
For Chapter 7, the four essential components of a structure are?
- Foundations
- Floors
- Ceilings
- Walls
Floors consist of four primary parts
- Floor supports
- Joist
- Subflooring
- Floor covering
The area above the suspended ceiling can be a various sizes and can vary from ____ to ____
1 ft to over 10 ft
Two basic varieties of party walls
- Adjoining (joining studs place together, confine fire)(may project threw a roof)
- Offset (separated by several inches and studs are staggered, fire travel)
Masonry walls can be constructed in four CONFIGURATIONS
- Unreinforced brick
- Reinforce brick
- Weight-bearing (Wythe)
- Veneer
Collapse with Unreinforced Masonry can be ____ and can often be ____. Primary collapse dangers are ____ and secondary are _____.
- equal to height
- twice the height
- front/rear walls
- side walls
These basements are found in buildings built on slopes and are under the grade floor (or main entrance)
Daylight (walkout) basements
UNDER
Although the floors of a building can provide a strong surface for conducting interior operations, what is a primary disadvantage of floors?
They can be constructed from either Conventional OR Lightweight material.
Subfloor 1 x 6 - stability
Floor joists - same cannot be said
Ceilings are classified from an architectural viewpoint by their ___.
- Construction/visible
attributes
Ceilings are classified from a fire service perspective as either ___ or ___.
- DIRECTLY fastened to
floor/ceiling joists - SUSPENDED or supported
by overhead floor or roof
structural members
What are the 3 layers of plaster?
- Rough base coat (scratch)
- Brown coat
- Finish coat
Besides masonry fire division walls, what are the two other types of fire division walls?
- Brick noggin (infill brick
panels in timber frame) - Drywall
Structural sheathing is attached to the exterior of the framing for two purposes?
1) Lateral bracing
2) Backing for exterior siding material
Pre-1933…Parapet walls can be __ above the roofline and ___ if used as a facade on the front of a building.
- 3 ft (roofline)
- 5 ft or more (front of
bldg)
For every ___ to ___ row of bricks, one will be laid on end. This is a visual clue that the wall is a ____. This is referred to as the ___.
- 4-7 row
- Multiple wythe
- King Row
From a simplistic perspective, these four elements are cooperatively responsible for contributing to either a partial or total collapse of a structure or not providing sufficient time and structural integrity, to allow the safe and effective extinguishment of a fire and timely manner
- Foundation
- Floors
- Walls
- Ceiling
This type of construction consist of gaps between parallel courses of masonry units that are filled with concrete and pieces of brick or concrete, with vertical and/or horizontal runs of rebar
Concrete infill
Concerning masonry walls this is a continuous vertical section of masonry, one unit in thickness
Wythe
A wall construction method using stacked brick or block and mortar with steel rebar reinforcement placed in open cells and then filled with concrete, or steel embedded in the mortar joints
Reinforced masonry reconstruction
Of the four configurations of masonry walls, a multiple Wythe brick wall was commonly used in unreinforced masonry construction. Often constructed by laying two parallel courses of clay brick separated by an infill of concrete and often pieces of brick. Multiple wythe walls have been replaced by using CMUs.
Weight bearing
What two categories can concrete walls be placed into?
- Formed walls
- Tilt up walls/panels
Exterior walls of a building with 1x6 or 1x8 sheathing and then fill the vertical forms with concrete. These types of buildings/walls can be found in various heights from one story to over six stories, and are typically associated within an interior of older, full dimensional lumber and conventional construction of a heavy grade. They are not prone to collapse, except in very extreme conditions.
Formed walls (concrete)
These are upright vertical architectural members that can be considered structural piers and can be found on masonry walls, concrete formed walls, and concrete tilt-up panels that can be found on the interior or exterior of a building.
Pilasters
These architecture members can be a benefit if a tilt-up wall has them on two sides only, as they indicate where the primary structural members are being supported. This can benefit roof ventilation operations as personnel can know where the strong portions of the wall are for operations and where to walk on a roof. P.163
Pilaster
163 pilaster
164 pilaster or buttresses
Buttresses and pilasters an be used as an indicator of the location of the primary structural members for a roof, unless _____
There are pilaster on all four walls
A very substantial wall that is easily identifiable in it’s raw form by the impression left in the concrete by the impressions left in the concrete by the 1 x 6 or 1 x 8 wood forms. It can be found various heights from one story to over six, and typically associated with an interior of older, full dimensional lumber and conventional construction of heavy grade.
Formed walls
A potential collapse hazard from these older arches type roofs or unreinforced masonry construction is the possibility of end hip rafters pushing the corresponding wall outward if the attached truss collapses. (Only 3)
Bowstring
Tied truss
Lamella
Buttresses and pilasters can be used as an indicator of the location of the primary structural members for a roof unless ___
There are pilasters on all four walls
