Ch 7 Conversation

Question 1

phatic conversation

Answer 1

opens the channel for communication

Question 2

small talk

Answer 2

spontaneous conversation with another person; comes naturally to some but not to others; how conversations are initiated; lays the foundation for most of our interpersonal relationships

Question 3

conversation deprivation

Answer 3

lack of aural communication

Question 4

conversation

Answer 4

relatively informal social interaction in which the parties involved exchange the roles of sender and hearer collaboratively and spontaneously;
incorporates verbal and nonverbal messages

Question 5

conversational rules, Steven Duck’s Serial construction of meaning model.

Answer 5

Steven Duck’s Serial construction of meaning model.
before we engage in conversation, we may share things in common with that person: expressed as commonality.
then establish mutuality
establish equivalence of our evaluations or shared meaning.
We create a shared world who resemble us and share our attitudes.

Question 6

conversational structure

Answer 6

typical format for conversation;

includes greeting, topic priming, heart of conversation, preliminary processing, closing

Question 7

greeting

Answer 7

part of structure; form of phatic conversation that enables people to interact; routine way to to begin conversation

Question 8

three types of greeting (Murray)

Answer 8

1. questions
2. advertisements (introductions)
3. compliments

Question 9

three types of openers (Kleinke)

Answer 9

1. cute/flippant,
2. innocuous,
3. direct (all rely on questions)

Question 10

topic priming

Answer 10

part of structure; keeps channels open; previews topic of conversation;
kinds of topics usually discussed (ourselves, other person, particular situation);
we ask either open-ended or closed-ended questions

Question 11

open-ended questions

Answer 11

gives person full freedom in expressing themselves

in Topic priming

Question 12

closed-ended questions

Answer 12

forces respondent to choose a specific response

in Topic priming

Question 13

heart of the conversation

Answer 13

part of structure; we find focus or goal of conversation (share new info, persuade person, offer help); how good we are at getting to this stage is related to conversational maintenance skills

Question 14

preliminary processing

Answer 14

part of structure; flip side of topic priming; evaluate and assess conversation; we consider effects of conversations; we may decide to adjust/alter our message; we determine what we’ve learned

Question 15

closing

Answer 15

part of structure; serves three functions (Knapp):
lets other party know conversation is nearing end,
expresses appreciation for conversation and desire to renew contact;
summarizes main topics discussed

Question 16

conversational turn-taking

Answer 16

alternating speaking and listening cooperatively with someone else and engaging in dialogue

Question 17

turn-maintaining signals

Answer 17

you want to keep talking; can be paralinguistic (tone of voice, pitch, inflection) or kinesic (gesture, body orientation); avoidance of eye contact

Question 18

turn-yielding signals

Answer 18

let the other person talk; direct eye contact, drop in pitch, nod, silence

Question 19

turn-requesting signals

Answer 19

use of vocalized filler; opening one’s mouth, leaning forward, gesturing for attention

Question 20

turn-denying signals

Answer 20

signal reluctance to take over speaking role; avoid eye contact, shake head, keep taking notes

Question 21

backchannel signals

Answer 21

verbalizations one uses to tell another person that one is listening; controls turn-taking

Question 22

quality maxim (U.S.)

Answer 22

maintaining truthfulness

Question 23

quantity maxim (U.S.)

Answer 23

neither too little nor too much talking from one person

Question 24

relevancy maxim (U.S.)

Answer 24

not going off on tangents

Question 25

manner maxim (U.S.)

Answer 25

diction is appropriate for audience and context

Question 26

maxim of face-saving - in other cultures

Answer 26

avoiding contradicting, embarrassing, correcting someone

Question 27

maxim of politeness - in other cultures

Answer 27

avoiding self-praise, focus on others instead

Question 28

monologue

Answer 28

no interactivity; one person talks while other listens; person cares about personal conversational objectives, not others’

Question 29

dialogue

Answer 29

involves speaking and listening; shows concern for relationship

Question 30

conversational blunder

Answer 30

uttering of something someone else is apt to find objectionable

Question 31

prejudiced talk

Answer 31

talk that includes comments denigrating any kind of group

Question 32

interruptions

Answer 32

occur because of power play, control, encouragement, reinforcement

Question 33

Tannen

Answer 33

gender differences in conversations

Question 34

computer-mediated communication

Answer 34

uses computers as a means of linking individuals; when conversing online, we may not have full knowledge of who we are speaking with