ch 2 Self-Concept, Identity & Communication Presence

Question 1

What is self-concept

Answer 1

it is a composite of everything we think and feel about ourselves.

2 key components: Self-image and self-esteem

Question 2

What are the two key components of Self-Concept?

Answer 2

1. Self-image- mental picture of self, what I think I am. 2. Self-esteem- self-evaluation, estimation of self-worth. like and value self? value feelings, positive and negative, about abilities, character and feelings.

Question 3

How does self and self-concept differ from each other?

Answer 3

1. Self is fluid vs self-concept is highly structured, difficult to change. 2. a part of self-concept we invent. 3. There is more to the self than is included in the self-concept. This area represents our untapped potential. We create this from interpretations from messages other send us.

Question 4

How accurate is your self-concept?

Answer 4

Not likely, we reject new information (positive or negative) , and find information that confirms what we already believe is true. We deny a chance for growth and self-renewal.

Question 5

What keeps us from redefining ourselves, keeps us from seeing the real need for change?

Answer 5

cognitive conservatism

Question 6

What are characteristics of High self-esteem?

Answer 6

think better of others, expect other to like them, evaluate their own performance favorably, perform well in front of others, work hard for others, comfortable with superiors, and defend themselves against others’ negative appraisals. Believe success causes us to act confidently and make success.

Question 7

What are characteristics of Low self-esteem?

Answer 7

people with low self-esteem disapprove of others, expect other to not like them, evaluate themselves unfavorably, perform poorly in the presence of others, feel threated by their superiors, and find it hard to defend criticism, seeing criticism as rejection. believing to fail, and we fail.

Question 8

How do we shape our self concept?

Answer 8

-Your experiences help to shape your self concept, and self concept helps to shape your future experiences. -And your interactions shape your view of yourself.

Question 9

We build a self concept that reflects how we think others see us is what theory?

Answer 9

Reflected appraisal theory by psychologist Charles Cooley we present how others categorize us, roles they expect us to play, and behaviors or traits they expect us to show. -mirror-like image we derive from our contacts, and then project onto future experiences.

Question 10

We assess how we measure up against others is what theory?

Answer 10

Social comparison theory

Question 11

How do we compare ourselves with others?

Answer 11

by social comparison theory.. we compare ourselves to other to develop a feel for how our talents, abilities and qualities measure up to theirs. Judge our skills, personal characteristics etc. Find a group we fit in… those that like us.

Question 12

People with high self esteem have…

Answer 12

less affected by peer pressure, are happier, a realistic sense of their abilities, know their strengths and their weaknesses, display grit, persistent, confident, resilient.

Question 13

Our accuracy in assessing our self-concept and self-esteem depend on what?

Answer 13

How successful we are at processing experience and receiving feedback.

Question 14

A combination of passion and perseverance for a important goal with resilience and tolerance for feeling frustrated is what?

Answer 14

grit.

Question 15

What is a reflection of your self concept ?

Answer 15

perceived self… you believe yourself to be

Question 16

We control our behavior to create a desired reaction….

Answer 16

impression management

Question 17

What is the self you might become one day, or think about becoming?

Answer 17

possible self

Question 18

What is the self others assume you will exhibit?

Answer 18

expected self.. based on behaviors they have seen or stereotypes they hold.

Question 19

What is the self/person you wish to be and admire in your role models?

Answer 19

ideal self.

Question 20

What is an approach to human interaction that uses impression management?

Answer 20

Goffman’s dramaturgical approach, Erving Goffman. It explains the use of impression management in person to person interaction to achieve personal objectives.

Question 21

Elements In Goffman’s Dramaturgical Approach….

Answer 21

framing - defining a scene -scripting - small talk engaging dialogue - storytelling using descriptive language and nonverbal cues?

Question 22

What are the elements that underlie your performance in impression management?

Answer 22

Framing, scripting, engaging dialogue.

Question 23

What are the techniques used in impression management when performing ?

Answer 23

-exemplification, -provide example or act as a role model for others -promoting- we highlight our personal skills, accomplishments or vision -face-work-Technique used to protect our image by reducing negative aspects of visible self -ingratiation-Techniques of agreement to make others believe us to be more attractive, favorable, and likeable and less threatening/harmful.

Question 24

What are the responses/signals that others provide that shape our self concepts in both positive and negative ways?

Answer 24

Confirming response, rejecting response, disconfirming response.

Question 25

What is the response consistent with our own appraisal of ourselves?

Answer 25

confirmation response

Question 26

What is the response/signal that is inconsistent with our sense of self, good or bad?

Answer 26

rejection response

Question 27

What is the response/signal that tells us that we are not important enough for them to think about us, we are irrelevant, ignores you?

Answer 27

disconfirming response

Question 28

What is the self that has positive belief in my abilities and competence?

Answer 28

self-efficacy

Question 29

What is it when we verbalize a prediction that comes true simply because we act as if it already were?

Answer 29

self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 30

What are the 5 steps to the self-fulfilling prophecy?

Answer 30

This can be self-imposed or other imposed. 1. we form expectation of ourselves, others or events. 2. we communicate the expectation by exhibiting various cues. 3. Others respond to the cues we send to match our messages 4. the result, our initial expectation comes true. 5. our interpretation of the actions of others strengthens our original belief.

Question 31

What is the Pygmalion effect?

Answer 31

Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson performed a study by that name that shows when others have high expectations for a person, their opinions tend to result in enhanced performance (positive Pygmalion), but when a negative Pygmalion has low expectations for others, the result is typically diminished performance.

Question 32

How and can you reinvent yourself?

Answer 32

We tend to hold onto existing self-concept, we can change it. To stop clinging, we need to develop the willingness and skills to reevaluate or reinvent ourselves. -Take in feedback in how people really see us. -Society can focus on inadequacies and downplay strengths. -Assess your strengths honestly be open to reshape your self-image and grow.

Question 33

What is individualistic cultures and how is the self in it?

Answer 33

Individualistic cultures, individual identity is supreme. value uniqueness, personal identity, believe in themselves, seek to do their own thing, shun conformity. Link success with personal achievement, can be at the group’s expense. Seen in North America, Western European cultures.

Question 34

What is collectivistic cultures and how is the self in it?

Answer 34

Collectivistic cultures group goals are supreme. Don’t lavish praise of one, group is primary social unit, success is linked to group cohesion and loyalty, gain a sense of identity through their group memberships, call attention by nurturing the interdependent self. In Asia, Africa, Central and South America.

Question 35

What is the communication style of High context culture?

Answer 35

polite, indirect with interacting. value silence and believe people of few words are thoughtful, respectable.

Question 36

What is the communication style of low context culture?

Answer 36

more direct communication style. priority is the discovery and expression of individual uniqueness.

Question 37

What is the self in high power distance cultures?

Answer 37

defer to superiors (Saudi Arabia and India)

Question 38

What is the self in low power distance cultures?

Answer 38

value independence even when superiors are present. (US and Sweden)

Question 39

How to combat loneliness?

Answer 39

1. Accept opportunities for connection 2. Plan social opp. to connect, invite others. 3. Join a group or club 4. Think positively

Question 40

diversity and feelings of discontent in cultures.

Answer 40

being able to relate to others via representation (toys, movies) can help feel seen and valued.

Question 41

What is an inner sense of being male or female?

Answer 41

gender identity

Question 42

What is the impact of the media on self?

Answer 42

-It shows the general preferred patters of behavior and appearance. -Shapes our opinions, meaning of success.

Question 43

What is make-believe media?

Answer 43

The media’s influence on how they make us believe in something.

Question 44

What are some of the media messages?

Answer 44

-violence against women -men are hard, tough, independent -minorities and women are less visible than men -women less likely to be portrayed as a leader, more likely by their marital status -cultural negativity -Distort how we see ourselves, influence our perception of what is normal and desirable behavior. -adversely affect our evaluations of ourselves as attractive, successful or smart -feelings of inadequacy when we are unable to acquire what we covet.

Question 45

How does technology impact self?

Answer 45

-create various virtual worlds while concealing our real identities from both friends and strangers with whom we interact online. -parallel identities - facilitate the exploration of murkier aspects of the self. construct an identity that is not part of authentic self. -Sherry Turkle - instead of developing internally, as a result of being overly influenced by the opinions of other, the self is being externally manufactured. -tweeting, facebook, instagram- playing to the crowd-presenting self that is based on what others respond to positively.

Question 46

Social media and self

Answer 46

Try to present ourselves in as positive a light as possible online, to boost ego, enhance self-esteem -affect sense of self including body image because compare themselves with curated, unrealistic versions of reality.

Question 47

Most prevalent Negative effects of social media

Answer 47

• contribute to feelings of anxiety and depression and decreased feelings of adequacy. leading to lack of sleep, unhappiness with appearce, bullying, Fear of Missing Out (FOMO), not being present at social events.