ch 2 Self-Concept, Identity & Communication Presence Flashcards
What is self-concept
it is a composite of everything we think and feel about ourselves.
2 key components: Self-image and self-esteem
What are the two key components of Self-Concept?
- Self-image- mental picture of self, what I think I am. 2. Self-esteem- self-evaluation, estimation of self-worth. like and value self? value feelings, positive and negative, about abilities, character and feelings.
How does self and self-concept differ from each other?
- Self is fluid vs self-concept is highly structured, difficult to change. 2. a part of self-concept we invent. 3. There is more to the self than is included in the self-concept. This area represents our untapped potential. We create this from interpretations from messages other send us.
How accurate is your self-concept?
Not likely, we reject new information (positive or negative) , and find information that confirms what we already believe is true. We deny a chance for growth and self-renewal.
What keeps us from redefining ourselves, keeps us from seeing the real need for change?
cognitive conservatism
What are characteristics of High self-esteem?
think better of others, expect other to like them, evaluate their own performance favorably, perform well in front of others, work hard for others, comfortable with superiors, and defend themselves against others’ negative appraisals. Believe success causes us to act confidently and make success.
What are characteristics of Low self-esteem?
people with low self-esteem disapprove of others, expect other to not like them, evaluate themselves unfavorably, perform poorly in the presence of others, feel threated by their superiors, and find it hard to defend criticism, seeing criticism as rejection. believing to fail, and we fail.
How do we shape our self concept?
-Your experiences help to shape your self concept, and self concept helps to shape your future experiences. -And your interactions shape your view of yourself.
We build a self concept that reflects how we think others see us is what theory?
Reflected appraisal theory by psychologist Charles Cooley we present how others categorize us, roles they expect us to play, and behaviors or traits they expect us to show. -mirror-like image we derive from our contacts, and then project onto future experiences.
We assess how we measure up against others is what theory?
Social comparison theory
How do we compare ourselves with others?
by social comparison theory.. we compare ourselves to other to develop a feel for how our talents, abilities and qualities measure up to theirs. Judge our skills, personal characteristics etc. Find a group we fit in… those that like us.
People with high self esteem have…
less affected by peer pressure, are happier, a realistic sense of their abilities, know their strengths and their weaknesses, display grit, persistent, confident, resilient.
Our accuracy in assessing our self-concept and self-esteem depend on what?
How successful we are at processing experience and receiving feedback.
A combination of passion and perseverance for a important goal with resilience and tolerance for feeling frustrated is what?
grit.
What is a reflection of your self concept ?
perceived self… you believe yourself to be
We control our behavior to create a desired reaction….
impression management
What is the self you might become one day, or think about becoming?
possible self
What is the self others assume you will exhibit?
expected self.. based on behaviors they have seen or stereotypes they hold.
What is the self/person you wish to be and admire in your role models?
ideal self.
What is an approach to human interaction that uses impression management?
Goffman’s dramaturgical approach, Erving Goffman. It explains the use of impression management in person to person interaction to achieve personal objectives.
Elements In Goffman’s Dramaturgical Approach….
framing - defining a scene -scripting - small talk engaging dialogue - storytelling using descriptive language and nonverbal cues?
What are the elements that underlie your performance in impression management?
Framing, scripting, engaging dialogue.
What are the techniques used in impression management when performing ?
-exemplification, -provide example or act as a role model for others -promoting- we highlight our personal skills, accomplishments or vision -face-work-Technique used to protect our image by reducing negative aspects of visible self -ingratiation-Techniques of agreement to make others believe us to be more attractive, favorable, and likeable and less threatening/harmful.
What are the responses/signals that others provide that shape our self concepts in both positive and negative ways?
Confirming response, rejecting response, disconfirming response.
What is the response consistent with our own appraisal of ourselves?
confirmation response
What is the response/signal that is inconsistent with our sense of self, good or bad?
rejection response
What is the response/signal that tells us that we are not important enough for them to think about us, we are irrelevant, ignores you?
disconfirming response
What is the self that has positive belief in my abilities and competence?
self-efficacy
What is it when we verbalize a prediction that comes true simply because we act as if it already were?
self-fulfilling prophecy
What are the 5 steps to the self-fulfilling prophecy?
This can be self-imposed or other imposed. 1. we form expectation of ourselves, others or events. 2. we communicate the expectation by exhibiting various cues. 3. Others respond to the cues we send to match our messages 4. the result, our initial expectation comes true. 5. our interpretation of the actions of others strengthens our original belief.
What is the Pygmalion effect?
Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson performed a study by that name that shows when others have high expectations for a person, their opinions tend to result in enhanced performance (positive Pygmalion), but when a negative Pygmalion has low expectations for others, the result is typically diminished performance.
How and can you reinvent yourself?
We tend to hold onto existing self-concept, we can change it. To stop clinging, we need to develop the willingness and skills to reevaluate or reinvent ourselves. -Take in feedback in how people really see us. -Society can focus on inadequacies and downplay strengths. -Assess your strengths honestly be open to reshape your self-image and grow.
What is individualistic cultures and how is the self in it?
Individualistic cultures, individual identity is supreme. value uniqueness, personal identity, believe in themselves, seek to do their own thing, shun conformity. Link success with personal achievement, can be at the group’s expense. Seen in North America, Western European cultures.
What is collectivistic cultures and how is the self in it?
Collectivistic cultures group goals are supreme. Don’t lavish praise of one, group is primary social unit, success is linked to group cohesion and loyalty, gain a sense of identity through their group memberships, call attention by nurturing the interdependent self. In Asia, Africa, Central and South America.
What is the communication style of High context culture?
polite, indirect with interacting. value silence and believe people of few words are thoughtful, respectable.
What is the communication style of low context culture?
more direct communication style. priority is the discovery and expression of individual uniqueness.
What is the self in high power distance cultures?
defer to superiors (Saudi Arabia and India)
What is the self in low power distance cultures?
value independence even when superiors are present. (US and Sweden)
How to combat loneliness?
- Accept opportunities for connection 2. Plan social opp. to connect, invite others. 3. Join a group or club 4. Think positively
diversity and feelings of discontent in cultures.
being able to relate to others via representation (toys, movies) can help feel seen and valued.
What is an inner sense of being male or female?
gender identity
What is the impact of the media on self?
-It shows the general preferred patters of behavior and appearance. -Shapes our opinions, meaning of success.
What is make-believe media?
The media’s influence on how they make us believe in something.
What are some of the media messages?
-violence against women -men are hard, tough, independent -minorities and women are less visible than men -women less likely to be portrayed as a leader, more likely by their marital status -cultural negativity -Distort how we see ourselves, influence our perception of what is normal and desirable behavior. -adversely affect our evaluations of ourselves as attractive, successful or smart -feelings of inadequacy when we are unable to acquire what we covet.
How does technology impact self?
-create various virtual worlds while concealing our real identities from both friends and strangers with whom we interact online. -parallel identities - facilitate the exploration of murkier aspects of the self. construct an identity that is not part of authentic self. -Sherry Turkle - instead of developing internally, as a result of being overly influenced by the opinions of other, the self is being externally manufactured. -tweeting, facebook, instagram- playing to the crowd-presenting self that is based on what others respond to positively.
Social media and self
Try to present ourselves in as positive a light as possible online, to boost ego, enhance self-esteem -affect sense of self including body image because compare themselves with curated, unrealistic versions of reality.
Most prevalent Negative effects of social media
- contribute to feelings of anxiety and depression and decreased feelings of adequacy. leading to lack of sleep, unhappiness with appearce, bullying, Fear of Missing Out (FOMO), not being present at social events.
