Ch 6 Nonverbal Flashcards
nonverbal cues
offer clues to the attitudes, feelings, and personality of a person; often modify, reinforce, or distort messages;
carry about 2/3 of message’s communication value
nonverbal communication
expressed through non-linguistic means;
actions or attributes of humans that have socially shared significance and simulate meaning in others;
-meaning depends on how they are interpreted;
-fulfill metacommunicative functions;
-clarify meaning of messages
metacommunication
communication about communication
functions of nonverbal communication
contradicting our verbal message; emphasizing/underscoring meaning;
regulating/controlling verbal interactions (establishing rules of order);
complementing/reinforcing verbal message;
substituting for words
leakage
clues to deception, changes in facial or vocal expression, gestures, or slips of the tongue.
ambiguity
what we communicate may be ambiguous and subject to misinterpretation.
-interpreted within a specific context.
deception
can be concealed or revealed by nonverbal communication
Interpersonal Deception Theory
Buller and Burgoon;
we can engage in falsification by creating fiction;
we can engage in concealment by hiding our real motives;
we can practice equivocation by evasion or changing the subject
Facial Action Coding System
Ekman and Friesen; a visual taxonomy of 3,000+ facial expressions that have meaning; used to interpret emotions and detect deception
visual/kinesic
type of nonverbal communication cue that includes kinesics, facial expression, eye movement, face work, gestures, posture
kinesics
study of human body motion
facial expression
prime communicator of emotion.
reveals whether parties to an interaction find it pleasant,
how interested individuals are,
degree of involvement,
whether responses are spontaneous or controlled,
extent to which messages are understood
eye movement
used to establish, maintain, and terminate contact;
reveals extent of interest and emotional involvement,
influence judgements of persuasiveness and perceptions of dominance or submissiveness; indicates whether a communication channel is open
Bandler & Grinder
said a relationship exists between eye movements and thought/cognitive processing, how truthful a person is, and what kind of learner they are
representational facial expressions
unconsciously made; communicate genuine inner feelings
presentational facial expressions
calculated to achieve a certain effect
microfacial/micromomentary expressions
last no more than 1/8 to 1/5 of a second; usually occur when an individual consciously or unconsciously attempts to disguise or conceal an emotion and that reveals an actual emotional state
emblems
type of cue; deliberate movements of the body that are consciously sent and easily translated into speech. ie. wave to mean come here.
illustrators
type of cue; bodily cues designed to enhance receiver comprehension by supporting it. ie talking with your hands.
regulators
type of cue; intentionally used to influence turn taking and to control conversation flow
affect displays
type of cue; unintentional movements that reflect the intensity of an emotional state ie slump, or proud
adaptors
type of cue; unintentional movements that reveal information about psychological state or inner needs, like nervousness
paralanguage
messages you send with only your voice. not what but HOW we say it.
tone of voice
factor that affects outcome of vocal cue; helps you convey message or reveals thoughts you meant to conceal
helps determine actual meaning.
pitch
factor that affects outcome of vocal cue; highness/lowness of voice.
helps determine actual meaning.
volume
factor that affects outcome of vocal cue; power, loudness; effective communicators regulate volume to promote meaningful interaction
rate
factor that affects outcome of vocal cue; average rate is 150 wpm; rate affects others’ judgment of our intensity and mood; quickens to relay agitation, excitement, happiness; slows to convey seriousness, serenity, sadness
articulation
vocal cue; how individual words are pronounced, depends on sharpness of pronunciation
pronunciation
vocal cue; conventional treatment of the sounds of a word; whether or not you say the words themselves correctly
-perceptions of credibility, might be difficult to understand if lacking.
hesitations and silence
vocal cue; know when to pause
don’t use uh, you know, or OK
perceive your competence and confidence.
-can gather thoughts or silent treatment
proxemics
study of how space and distance are used to communicate
intimate distance
skin contact to 18 in;
personal distance
18 in to 4 ft; used when we are most apt to converse informally
social distance
4 to 12 ft; used when we conduct business or discuss nonpersonal issues
public distance
12 ft and beyond; used to remove ourselves physically from the interaction when communicating with strangers or large groups
Expectancy Violation Theory
outcomes of distance norm violations can be positive or negative (invading personal space)
fixed features space
permanent characteristics; walls, doors, aisles
semi-fixed feature space
movable objects that identify boundaries and either promote or inhibit communication; furniture, plants
informal/non-fixed feature space
personal bubble
territoriality
claiming space as one’s own; sense that space belongs to us
haptics
study of how touch communicates; usually part of our closest relationships; amount of touching that is acceptable is often culturally driven
touch
used to communicate attitude or affect, encourage affiliation, exert control or power; gauge of how much intimacy is desired in a relationship
artifactual communication
what we wear and how we look; we perceive these to indicate status or power
Halo effect
we tend to ascribe characteristics people don’t actually possess just because they’re attractive; we cut them more slack
embodied cognition
what we wear affects our cognitive processes.
studies by Adam and Galinsky
-Clothing we have on not only influences how others see us but, by transforming our psychological state, also affects how we think about ourselves.
olfactics
desire to use and appeal to the sense of smell; meant to trigger emotional reactions, sexual arousal, romance, or friendship; can recall good and bad memories
color
affects us physically and emotionally;
are behavioral conditioners to many companies; have different meanings across cultures;
some companies give them new names to invoke new feelings
chronemics
the study of how our use of time has message value;
whether we are early, punctual, or late;
whether we approach life with urgency or at a relaxed pace;
whether we are night owls or early birds
chronemics & status
gives us greater power to control our own time and that of others
contact cultures
relish intimacy of contact and tend to display warmth and be comfortable with closeness; seek maximum sensory experience
non-contact cultures
place value on privacy; more likely to discourage intimacy
visual dominance ratio
comparison of % of time spent looking while speaking and looking while listening (ratio is higher for men)
