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Psychology > Ch 7 Cognition > Flashcards

Ch 7 Cognition Flashcards

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0
Q

Information processing model

A

A cognitive understanding of memory emphasizing how information is changed when it is encoded stored and retrieved

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1
Q

Memory

A

Any system-human, animal, or machine- that encode,stores, and retrieves information

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2
Q

Encoding

A

One of the three basic tasks of memory involving the modification of information to for the preferred format for the memory system

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3
Q

Storage

A

Three basic tasks of memory involving the retention of encoded material overtime

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4
Q

Retrieval

A

The third basic task of memory involving the location and recovery of information from memory

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5
Q

Eidetic imagery

A

And especially clear and persistence, form of memory that is quite rare also known as photo graphic memory

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6
Q

Sensory memory

A

The first of the three memory preserving brief sensory impressions of stimuli

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7
Q

Working memory

A

The second of the three memory stages and the most limited in capacity it preserves recently perceived events or experiences for less than a minute without rehearsal

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8
Q

Long-term memory

A

The third of the three memory stages with the largest capacity and longest duration LTM stores materials organized according to meaning

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9
Q

Iconic memory

A

Visual stimulation

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10
Q

Echoing memory

A

Tactile stimulation

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11
Q

Chunking

A

Organizing pieces of information into a small the number of meaningful units a process that frees up space in working memory

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12
Q

Maintenance rehearsal

A

Oh working memory process in which information is merely repeated or reviewed to keep it from fading well while in working memory

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13
Q

Elaborative rehearsal

A

Working memory process in which information is actively reviewed and related to information already in LTM

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14
Q

Level-of-processing theory

A

The explanation for the fact that information that is more thoroughly connected to meaningful items in long-term memory will be remembered better

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15
Q

Procedural memory

A

Division of LTM that stores memories for how things are done

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16
Q

Declarative memory

A

Division of LTM that stores explicit information also known as fact memory
Subdivisions: episodic memory and semantic memory

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17
Q

Episodic memory

A

A subdivision of declarative memory that stores memory for personal events, or episodes

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18
Q

Semantic memory

A

A subdivision of declarative memory that stores general knowledge, including the meaning of words and concepts

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19
Q

Engram

A

The physical changes in the brain associated with a memory also know as memory trace

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20
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

The inability to form memories for new information

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21
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

The inability to remember information previously stored

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22
Q

Consolidation

A

The process by which short-term memories are changed to long-term memories over a period of time

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23
Q

Flashbulb memory

A

A clear and vivid long-term memory of an especially meaningful and emotional event

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24
Q

Implicit memory

A

A memory that was not deliberately learned or which you have no conscious awareness

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25
Q

Explicit memories

A

Memory that has been processed with attention and can be consciously recalled

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26
Q

Retrieval cues

A

Stimuli that are used to bring a memory to consciousness or into behavior

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27
Q

Priming

A

A technique for cuing implicit memories by providing cues that stimulate a memory without awareness of the connection between the cues and the retrieved memory

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28
Q

Recall

A

A retrieval method in which one must reproduce previously presented information

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29
Q

Recognition

A

A retrieval method in which one must identify present stimuli as having been previously presented

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30
Q

Encoding specificity principles

A

The doctrine that memory is encoded and stored with specific cues related to the context in which it was formed

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31
Q

Mood-congruent memory

A

A memory process that selectively retrieves memories that match one’s mood

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32
Q

TOT phenomenon

A

The inability to recall a word, while knowing that it is in memory : on the tip of your tongue

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33
Q

The seven sins of memory

A

Transience, absent-mindedness, blocking misattribution, suggestibility, bias, and persistence

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34
Q

Transience

A

The impermanence of a long-term memory. Transience is based on the idea that long-term memories gradually fade in strength over time

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35
Q

Forgetting curve

A

A graph plotting the amount of retention and forgetting over time for a certain batch of material, such as a list of nonsense syllables. The typical forgetting curve is steep at first, becoming flatter at time goes on

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36
Q

Absent-mindedness

A

Forgetting caused by lapses in attention

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37
Q

Blocking

A

Forgetting that occurs when an item in memory cannot be accessed or retrieved. Blocking is caused by interference

38
Q

Proactive interference

A

A cause of forgetting by which previously stored information prevents learning and remembering new information

39
Q

Retroactive interference

A

A cause of forgetting by which newly learned information prevents retrieval of previously stored material

40
Q

Serial position effect

A

A form of interference related to the sequence in which information is presented. Generally, items in the middle of the sequence are less well remembered than items first or last

41
Q

Misattribution

A

A memory fault that occurs when memories are retrieved but are associated with the wrong time, place, or person

42
Q

Suggestibility

A

The process of memory distortion as the results of deliberate or inadvertent suggestion

43
Q

Misinformation effect

A

The distortion of memory by suggestion or misinformation

44
Q

Expectancy bias

A

In memory, a tendency to distort recalled events to make the fit one’s expectations

45
Q

Self-consistency bias

A

The commonly held idea that we are more consistent in our attitude, opinions, and beliefs than we actually are

46
Q

Persistence

A

A memory problem in which unwanted memories cannot be put out of mind

47
Q

Mnemonics

A

Techniques for improving memory, especially by making connections between new material and information already in long-term memory

48
Q

Method of loci

A

A mnemonic technique that involves associating items on a list with a sequence of familiar physical locations

49
Q

Natural language mediators

A

Words associated with new information to be remembered

50
Q

Language acquisition device or LAD

A

A biologically organized mental structure in the brain that facilitates the learning of language because it is innately programmed with some of the fundamental rules of grammar

51
Q

Grammar

A

The rules of language, specifying how to use words, morphemes, and syntax to produce understandable sentences

52
Q

Morphemes

A

The meaningful units of language that makes up word. Some whole words are morphemes (root word); other include grammatical compounds that alter a word’s meaning (prefixed and suffixes)

53
Q

Overregularization

A

Applying a grammatical rule too widely and thereby creating incorrect forms

54
Q

Computer metaphor

A

The idea that the brain is an information-processing organ that operates, in some ways, like a computer

55
Q

The seven sins of memory

A

Transience, absent-mindedness, blocking misattribution, suggestibility, bias, and persistence

56
Q

Transience

A

The impermanence of a long-term memory. Transience is based on the idea that long-term memories gradually fade in strength over time

57
Q

Forgetting curve

A

A graph plotting the amount of retention and forgetting over time for a certain batch of material, such as a list of nonsense syllables. The typical forgetting curve is steep at first, becoming flatter at time goes on

58
Q

Absent-mindedness

A

Forgetting caused by lapses in attention

59
Q

Blocking

A

Forgetting that occurs when an item in memory cannot be accessed or retrieved. Blocking is caused by interference

60
Q

Proactive interference

A

A cause of forgetting by which previously stored information prevents learning and remembering new information

61
Q

Retroactive interference

A

A cause of forgetting by which newly learned information prevents retrieval of previously stored material

62
Q

Serial position effect

A

A form of interference related to the sequence in which information is presented. Generally, items in the middle of the sequence are less well remembered than items first or last

63
Q

Misattribution

A

A memory fault that occurs when memories are retrieved but are associated with the wrong time, place, or person

64
Q

Suggestibility

A

The process of memory distortion as the results of deliberate or inadvertent suggestion

65
Q

Misinformation effect

A

The distortion of memory by suggestion or misinformation

66
Q

Expectancy bias

A

In memory, a tendency to distort recalled events to make the fit one’s expectations

67
Q

Self-consistency bias

A

The commonly held idea that we are more consistent in our attitude, opinions, and beliefs than we actually are

68
Q

Persistence

A

A memory problem in which unwanted memories cannot be put out of mind

69
Q

Mnemonics

A

Techniques for improving memory, especially by making connections between new material and information already in long-term memory

70
Q

Method of loci

A

A mnemonic technique that involves associating items on a list with a sequence of familiar physical locations

71
Q

Natural language mediators

A

Words associated with new information to be remembered

72
Q

Language acquisition device or LAD

A

A biologically organized mental structure in the brain that facilitates the learning of language because it is innately programmed with some of the fundamental rules of grammar

73
Q

Grammar

A

The rules of language, specifying how to use words, morphemes, and syntax to produce understandable sentences

74
Q

Morphemes

A

The meaningful units of language that makes up word. Some whole words are morphemes (root word); other include grammatical compounds that alter a word’s meaning (prefixed and suffixes)

75
Q

Overregularization

A

Applying a grammatical rule too widely and thereby creating incorrect forms

76
Q

Computer metaphor

A

The idea that the brain is an information-processing organ that operates, in some ways, like a computer

77
Q

Concepts

A

Mental representations of categories of items or ideas, based on experience

78
Q

Natural concepts

A

Mental representations of objects and events drawn from our direct experience

79
Q

Prototype

A

An ideal or most representative example of a conceptual category

80
Q

Artificial concepts

A

Concepts defined by rules, such as word definitions and mathematical formulas

81
Q

Concepts hierarchies

A

Levels of concepts, from most general to most specific, in which a more general level includes more specific concepts - as the concept of “animal” includes “dog”, “giraffe”, and “lion”

82
Q

Event related potentials

A

Brain Waves shown on the EEG in response to stimulation

83
Q

Scheme

A

A knowledge cluster or general conceptual framework that provides expectations about topics, events, objects, people, and situations in one’s life

84
Q

Script

A

A cluster of knowledge about sequences of events and actions expected to occur in particular settings

85
Q

Algorithms

A

Problem-solving procedures or formulas that guarantee a correct outcome, if correctly applied

86
Q

Heuristics

A

Cognitive strategies or “rule of thumb” used as shortcuts to solve complex mental tasks. Unlike algorithms, heuristics do not guarantee a correct solution

87
Q

Mental set

A

The tendency to respond to a new problem in the manner used for a previous problem

88
Q

Functional fixedness

A

The inability to perceive a new use for an object associated with a different purpose; a form of mental set

89
Q

Hindsight bias

A

The tendency, after learning about an event, to “second guess” or believe that one could have predicted the event in advance

90
Q

Anchoring bias

A

A faulty heuristic caused by basing (anchoring) an estimate on a completely unrelated quantity

91
Q

Representativeness bias

A

A faulty heuristic strategy based on the presumption that once people or events are categorized, they share all the features of other members in that category

92
Q

Availability bias

A

A faulty heuristic strategy that estimates probabilities based on information that can be recalled (made available) from personal experience

93
Q

Creativity

A

A mental process that produces novel responses that contribute to the solution of problems

Psychology (14 decks)

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