Ch 6 Learning and Adaptation

Question 0

Habituation

Answer 0

Learning not to respond to the repeated presentation of a stimulus

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

A lasting change in behavior or mental processes that results from experience

Question 2

Mere exposure effect

Answer 2

A learned preference for stimuli to which we have been previously exposed

Question 3

Behavioral learning

Answer 3

Forms of learning such as classical conditioning and operant conditioning, that can be described in terms of stimuli and responses

Question 4

Classical conditioning

Answer 4

A form of behavioral learning in which a previously neutral stimulus acquires the power to elicit the same innate reflex produced by another stimulus

Question 5

Neutral stimulus

Answer 5

And the stimulus that produces no conditioned response prior to learning when is brought into a conditioning experiment the researcher will call that a conditioned stimulus that assumption is that some occurs after even one pairing of the CS and UCS

Question 6

Unconditional stimulus UCS

Answer 6

In classical conditioning the stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response

Question 7

Unconditioned response URC

Answer 7

In classical conditioning the response elicited by and unconditioned stimulus prior learning

Question 8

Acquisition

Answer 8

The initial learning stage in classical conditioning during which the conditioned response comes to be elicited by the conditioned stimulus

Question 9

Conditioned stimulus CS

Answer 9

In classical conditioning a previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit The conditioned response customary in the conditioning experiment the neutral stimulus is called a conditioned stimulus when it is first paired With the unconditioned stimulus

Question 10

Conditioned response

Answer 10

In classical conditioning a response elicited got a previously neutral stimulus that has become associated with the unconditioned stimulus

Question 11

Extinction (in classical conditioning)

Answer 11

The weaken of a condition response in the absence of an unconditioned stimulus her

Question 12

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 12

The reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a time delay

Question 13

Stimulus generalization

Answer 13

That extension of London response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

Question 14

Stimulus discrimination

Answer 14

A change in response to one stimulus but not to stimuli that are similar

Question 15

Experimental neurosis

Answer 15

A pattern of erratic behavior resulting from a demanding discrimination learning task typically one that involves aversive stimuli

Question 16

Taste aversion learning

Answer 16

A biological tendency in which organism learns after A single experience to avoid any food with a certain taste if eating is followed by illness

Question 17

Operant

Answer 17

An observable, voluntary behavior that an organisms emits to “operate” on, or have an effect on, the environment

Question 18

Operant conditioning

Answer 18

A form of behavioral learning in the rich the probability of a response is change by its consequences that is by the stimuli that follow the response

Question 19

Law of effect

Answer 19

The idea that responses that produce desirable results would be learned or stamped into the organism

Question 20

Reinforcer

Answer 20

I condition involving either the presentation or removal of a stimulus that occurs after a response and strengthens –that response

Question 21

Positive reinforcement

Answer 21

A stimulus presented after a response and increasing the probability of that response happening again

Question 22

Negative reinforcement

Answer 22

The removal of an unpleasant or aversive stimulus contingent on particular behavior

Question 23

Operant chamber

Answer 23

A box like apparatus that can be programmed to deliver it reinforces and punishes contingent on an Animal’s behavior

Question 24

Reinforcement contingencies

Answer 24

Relationships between a response and the changes and stimulation that follows the response

Question 25

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 25

A type of reinforcement schedule by which all correct responses are reinforced

Question 26

Shaping

Answer 26

An operant Learning technique in which a new behavior is produced by reinforcing responses that are similar to the desired response

Question 27

Intermittent reinforcement

Answer 27

A type of reinforcement schedule by which some but not all correct responses are reinforced also called partial reinforcement

Question 28

Extinction in operant conditioning

Answer 28

A process by which a response that has been learned and weakened by the absence of removal of reinforcements

Question 29

Schedules of reinforcement

Answer 29

Program specifying The frequency and timing of reinforcements

Question 30

Ratio schedule

Answer 30

A program by which reinforcement depends on the number of correct responses

Question 31

Interval schedule

Answer 31

A program by which reinforcements depends on the time and full elapsed since the last reinforcements

Question 32

Fixed Ratio schedules FR.

Answer 32

Programs by which reinforcement is contingent on a certain unvarying number of responses

Question 33

Variable ratio schedules VR

Answer 33

Reinforcement programs by which the number of responses the Kia for reinforcement varies from trial to trial

Question 34

Fixed interval schedule F I

Answer 34

Programs by Rich reinforcement is contingent on a certain fixed time period

Question 35

variable interval schedule VI

Answer 35

Programs by which the time. Between reinforcement varies from trial to trial

Question 36

Primary reinforcers

Answer 36

Reinforcers such as food and sex that have innate basis. Because of the biological value to an organism

Question 37

Conditioned reinforcer’s or secondary reinforcers

Answer 37

Stimuli such as money or tokens that a client that reinforcing power by a learned Association of primary reinforcers

Question 38

Token economy

Answer 38

Therapeutic method based on operant conditioning by which individuals will be rewarded with tokens which act as a secondary reinforcers the tokens can be redeemed for a variety of rewards and privileges

Question 39

Premack principle

Answer 39

The concept developed by David pre-Mac that more preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less preferred activity

Question 40

Punishment

Answer 40

An aversive stimulus which occurring after a response diminishes the strength of that response

Question 41

Positive punishment

Answer 41

The application of an aversive stimulus after response

Question 42

Omission training negative punishment

Answer 42

The removal of an appetitive stimulus after our response leading to the decrease in behavior

Question 43

Insight learning

Answer 43

A form of cognitive learning originally described by the Gestalts psychologists enrich problem-solving occurs by means of sudden the organization of perception

Question 44

Cognitive maps

Answer 44

A mental the presentation of physical space

Question 45

Observational learning

Answer 45

Form of cognitive learning in which new responses are acquired after watching others behavior and the consequences of that behavior

Question 46

Long term potentiation

Answer 46

A biological process involving physical changes that strengthens the synapse in groups of nerve cells which is believed to be the neural basis of learning