Ch 6 Learning and Adaptation Flashcards
Habituation
Learning not to respond to the repeated presentation of a stimulus
Learning
A lasting change in behavior or mental processes that results from experience
Mere exposure effect
A learned preference for stimuli to which we have been previously exposed
Behavioral learning
Forms of learning such as classical conditioning and operant conditioning, that can be described in terms of stimuli and responses
Classical conditioning
A form of behavioral learning in which a previously neutral stimulus acquires the power to elicit the same innate reflex produced by another stimulus
Neutral stimulus
And the stimulus that produces no conditioned response prior to learning when is brought into a conditioning experiment the researcher will call that a conditioned stimulus that assumption is that some occurs after even one pairing of the CS and UCS
Unconditional stimulus UCS
In classical conditioning the stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response
Unconditioned response URC
In classical conditioning the response elicited by and unconditioned stimulus prior learning
Acquisition
The initial learning stage in classical conditioning during which the conditioned response comes to be elicited by the conditioned stimulus
Conditioned stimulus CS
In classical conditioning a previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit The conditioned response customary in the conditioning experiment the neutral stimulus is called a conditioned stimulus when it is first paired With the unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned response
In classical conditioning a response elicited got a previously neutral stimulus that has become associated with the unconditioned stimulus
Extinction (in classical conditioning)
The weaken of a condition response in the absence of an unconditioned stimulus her
Spontaneous recovery
The reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a time delay
Stimulus generalization
That extension of London response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus
Stimulus discrimination
A change in response to one stimulus but not to stimuli that are similar
Experimental neurosis
A pattern of erratic behavior resulting from a demanding discrimination learning task typically one that involves aversive stimuli
Taste aversion learning
A biological tendency in which organism learns after A single experience to avoid any food with a certain taste if eating is followed by illness
Operant
An observable, voluntary behavior that an organisms emits to “operate” on, or have an effect on, the environment
Operant conditioning
A form of behavioral learning in the rich the probability of a response is change by its consequences that is by the stimuli that follow the response
Law of effect
The idea that responses that produce desirable results would be learned or stamped into the organism
Reinforcer
I condition involving either the presentation or removal of a stimulus that occurs after a response and strengthens –that response
Positive reinforcement
A stimulus presented after a response and increasing the probability of that response happening again
Negative reinforcement
The removal of an unpleasant or aversive stimulus contingent on particular behavior
Operant chamber
A box like apparatus that can be programmed to deliver it reinforces and punishes contingent on an Animal’s behavior
Reinforcement contingencies
Relationships between a response and the changes and stimulation that follows the response
Continuous reinforcement
A type of reinforcement schedule by which all correct responses are reinforced
Shaping
An operant Learning technique in which a new behavior is produced by reinforcing responses that are similar to the desired response
Intermittent reinforcement
A type of reinforcement schedule by which some but not all correct responses are reinforced also called partial reinforcement
Extinction in operant conditioning
A process by which a response that has been learned and weakened by the absence of removal of reinforcements
Schedules of reinforcement
Program specifying The frequency and timing of reinforcements
Ratio schedule
A program by which reinforcement depends on the number of correct responses
Interval schedule
A program by which reinforcements depends on the time and full elapsed since the last reinforcements
Fixed Ratio schedules FR.
Programs by which reinforcement is contingent on a certain unvarying number of responses
Variable ratio schedules VR
Reinforcement programs by which the number of responses the Kia for reinforcement varies from trial to trial
Fixed interval schedule F I
Programs by Rich reinforcement is contingent on a certain fixed time period
variable interval schedule VI
Programs by which the time. Between reinforcement varies from trial to trial
Primary reinforcers
Reinforcers such as food and sex that have innate basis. Because of the biological value to an organism
Conditioned reinforcer’s or secondary reinforcers
Stimuli such as money or tokens that a client that reinforcing power by a learned Association of primary reinforcers
Token economy
Therapeutic method based on operant conditioning by which individuals will be rewarded with tokens which act as a secondary reinforcers the tokens can be redeemed for a variety of rewards and privileges
Premack principle
The concept developed by David pre-Mac that more preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less preferred activity
Punishment
An aversive stimulus which occurring after a response diminishes the strength of that response
Positive punishment
The application of an aversive stimulus after response
Omission training negative punishment
The removal of an appetitive stimulus after our response leading to the decrease in behavior
Insight learning
A form of cognitive learning originally described by the Gestalts psychologists enrich problem-solving occurs by means of sudden the organization of perception
Cognitive maps
A mental the presentation of physical space
Observational learning
Form of cognitive learning in which new responses are acquired after watching others behavior and the consequences of that behavior
Long term potentiation
A biological process involving physical changes that strengthens the synapse in groups of nerve cells which is believed to be the neural basis of learning
