ch 7 and 8- renal Flashcards
what are 3 reasons for oliguria
low blood flow to kidney (assess the heart), kidney problem, post renal obstruction (place a foley catheter)
what is normal urine output for an adult
0.5 to 1.0 ml/kg/hour
how much does the body’s water loss increase by for each degree of atmospheric temperature over 37
100 ml/day
what is the most common trauma resuscitation fluid
lactated ringer’s solution
what is the acute renal failure found in hypovolemia due to
pre renal azotemia
what do most cases of edema result from
renal sodium retention
what is the main osmotically active cation of the ECF
sodium
what are causes of euvolemic hypotonic hyponatremia
SIDH, hypothyroidism, oxytocin use
what is the most common cause of isovolemia hypernatremia
diabetes insipidus
how do you evaluate calcium level if there is hypoalbuminemia
total calcium - (serum albumin X 0.8)
what is the EKG finding with hypocalcemia
prolonged QT interval
what is the EKG finding with hypercalcemia
shortened Qt interval
what is the first step in management of hypercalemia
IV fluids (normal saline)
what re the EKG findings associated with hypokalemia
T wave flattens out; T wave inverts; U waves appear,
what electrolyte must be monitored when taking digoxin
potassium
what are common cause of hypokalemia with metabolic acidosis with Urine potassium less than 20 mEq/L
GI tract losses (diarrhea, fistula, villous adenoma)
what are EKG findings associated with hyperkalemia
peaked T waves, widened QRS, V-fib
what should you give first in hyperkalemia with EKG changes
IV calcium
what electrolyte is commonly also low with hypomagnesemia
calcium
what are common EKG findings with hypomagnesemia
prolonged QT interval, T wave flattening, torsades de points
what is classically the first sign of hypermagnesmia
loss of DTRs
what are the most common causes go hypophosphatemia
alcohol abuse and DKA
how does acidosis effect the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve
right sift
how does alkalosis effect the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve
left shift
what are common causes of proximal tubular acidosis
multiple myeloma, cystinosis, and wilson’s disease
what are common causes of distal tubular acidosis
SLE, sjogre’s syndrome, taking amphotericin B
what is PaCO2 primarily determined by
respiratory rate and tidal volume
