ch 7 and 8- renal

Question 1

what are 3 reasons for oliguria

Answer 1

low blood flow to kidney (assess the heart), kidney problem, post renal obstruction (place a foley catheter)

Question 2

what is normal urine output for an adult

Answer 2

0.5 to 1.0 ml/kg/hour

Question 3

how much does the body’s water loss increase by for each degree of atmospheric temperature over 37

Answer 3

100 ml/day

Question 4

what is the most common trauma resuscitation fluid

Answer 4

lactated ringer’s solution

Question 5

what is the acute renal failure found in hypovolemia due to

Answer 5

pre renal azotemia

Question 6

what do most cases of edema result from

Answer 6

renal sodium retention

Question 7

what is the main osmotically active cation of the ECF

Answer 7

sodium

Question 8

what are causes of euvolemic hypotonic hyponatremia

Answer 8

SIDH, hypothyroidism, oxytocin use

Question 9

what is the most common cause of isovolemia hypernatremia

Answer 9

diabetes insipidus

Question 10

how do you evaluate calcium level if there is hypoalbuminemia

Answer 10

total calcium - (serum albumin X 0.8)

Question 11

what is the EKG finding with hypocalcemia

Answer 11

prolonged QT interval

Question 12

what is the EKG finding with hypercalcemia

Answer 12

shortened Qt interval

Question 13

what is the first step in management of hypercalemia

Answer 13

IV fluids (normal saline)

Question 14

what re the EKG findings associated with hypokalemia

Answer 14

T wave flattens out; T wave inverts; U waves appear,

Question 15

what electrolyte must be monitored when taking digoxin

Answer 15

potassium

Question 16

what are common cause of hypokalemia with metabolic acidosis with Urine potassium less than 20 mEq/L

Answer 16

GI tract losses (diarrhea, fistula, villous adenoma)

Question 17

what are EKG findings associated with hyperkalemia

Answer 17

peaked T waves, widened QRS, V-fib

Question 18

what should you give first in hyperkalemia with EKG changes

Answer 18

IV calcium

Question 19

what electrolyte is commonly also low with hypomagnesemia

Answer 19

calcium

Question 20

what are common EKG findings with hypomagnesemia

Answer 20

prolonged QT interval, T wave flattening, torsades de points

Question 21

what is classically the first sign of hypermagnesmia

Answer 21

loss of DTRs

Question 22

what are the most common causes go hypophosphatemia

Answer 22

alcohol abuse and DKA

Question 23

how does acidosis effect the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve

Answer 23

right sift

Question 24

how does alkalosis effect the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve

Answer 24

left shift

Question 25

what are common causes of proximal tubular acidosis

Answer 25

multiple myeloma, cystinosis, and wilson’s disease

Question 26

what are common causes of distal tubular acidosis

Answer 26

SLE, sjogre’s syndrome, taking amphotericin B

Question 27

what is PaCO2 primarily determined by

Answer 27

respiratory rate and tidal volume