ambulatory medicine Flashcards
what is the most common cause of secondary hypertension
renal artery stenosis
what are the major complications of HTN
cardiac (coronary artery disease, CHF with LVH), stroke and renal failure
what is a common end result of untreated HTN as LVH occurs
CHF
what is the term for discontinuity in the retinal vein secondary to thickened arterial walls
arteriovenous nicking
what is the term for infarction of the nerve fiber layer in the retina
cotton wool spots
what antihypertensive medications are safe in pregnancy (general classes)
beta blockers and hydrazine
at what age should all people start getting screened for FLP
age 20
what is the issue in type 1 dyslipidemia
elevated chylomicrons
what is the issue with type 2a dyslipidemia
elevated LDL
what is the issue with type 2 b dyslipidemia
elevated LDL and VLDL
what is the issue in type 3 dyslipidemia
elevated IDL
what is the issue in type 4 endogenous hyperlipidemia
elevated VLDL
what is the issue with top 5 dyslipidemia
elevated VLDL and chylomicrons
what cholesterol levels does alcohol effect
increases TG and HDL levels but does not effect total cholesterol levels
how does thiazides effect cholesterol
increase LDL, total cholesterol and VLDL levels
how do beta blockers effect cholesterol
increase TGs (VLDL) and lower HDLs
what is the term for yellow plaques on eyelids
xanthelasma
what is the term for hard, yellowish masses four don tendons
xanthoma
what are the main clinical features of tension headache
pain is steady, viselike, and encircles the entire head (tight band0like pain around head); tightness in posterior neck muscles
what is the drug of choice for cluster headaches
sumatriptan (imitrex)
what is the drug of choice for prophylactic treatment of cluster headaches
verapamil
what is the most effective prophylactic treatment of migraine headaches
propranolol
what is the use of bronchoscopy in pt with a cough
if there is no other diagnosis based on other testing, use this to look for tumor, foreign body or tracheal web
common features of viral URI
rhinorrhea, myalgia, headache, fever and cough
common feature of bacterial URI
fever, cough, yellow sputum
what is the most common viral cause of the common cold
rhinovirus
what are the most common sinuses involved in sinusitis
maxillary sinus
what is the name brand name for loratadine
claritin
what is the name brand name for fexofenadine
allegra
what is the antibiotic treatment for strep throat
penicillin for 10 days (erythromycin if pt allergic)
what is the test of choice to evaluation for dyspepsia
endoscopy
what is the primary mechanism of GERD
inappropriate relaxation of the LES
what is the most common cause of acute diarrhea
viral infection (rotavirus and norwalk virus)
what medication should be given for moderate to severe bacterial diarrhea
5 days of cipro
what common causes of acute infectious diarrhea have fecal leukocytes
salmonella, shigella, campylobacter, E. coli O157:H7
what is the preferred treatment for salmonella diarrhea
cipro
what is the preferred treatment for shigella diarrhea
bactrim
what is the preferred treatment for campylobacter diarrhea
erythromycin
what is the preferred treatment for giardiasis diarrhea
metronidazole
what are some medications that can be given for diarrhea type IBS
diphenoxylate, loperamide
what are some medications that can be given for constipation type of IBS
solace, psyllium, cisapride
what imaging would you oder for diagnosis of ulcer diseases or outlet obstruction
upper GI endoscopy
what diagnostic tests would you order for diagnosis of biliary disease
ultrasound
what is the most common electrolyte abnormality seen after severe vomiting
hypokalemia with metabolic alkalosis
what are the most common causes of low back pain
musculoligamentous strain, degenerative disc disease, facet arthritis
what tests should be ordered besides Xray/MRI to evaluated for Osteomyelitis
CBC with differential, ESR, CRP
what is the best tests to diagnose nerve compression in cervical spine
MRI
what is the earliest symptoms of cervical myelopathy
gait disturbance
