Ch. 7 Flashcards
Middle childhood
The period between early childhood and early adolescence (ages 6-11)
Childhood overweight
Having a BMI above the 85th percentile
Childhood obesity
Having a BMI above the 95th percentile
Asthma
A chronic disease of the respiratory system in which inflammation narrows the airways from the nose and mouth to the lungs, causing difficulty in breathing
Concrete operational thought
Piaget’s term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perceptions
Classification
The logical principle that things can be organized into groups according to some characteristics they have in common
Seriation
The concept that things can be arranged in a logical series (ABCs)
Selective attention
The ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others
Sensory memory
Incoming stimulus info is stored for a quick second to allow it to be processed
Working memory
Current conscious mental activity occurs
Long-term memory
Virtually limitless amounts of information can be stored indefinitely
Knowledge base
A body of knowledge that makes it easier to learn new information in a particular sense
Control processes
Mechanisms that combine memory, processing speed and knowledge to regulate the analysis and flow of information within the information-processing system
Metacognition
“Thinking about thinking”
Reaction time
The time it takes to respond to a stimulus
Automatization
A process in which repetition of a sequence of thoughts and actions makes the sequence routine, so it no longer requires conscious thought
ELLs
Children in the U.S. whose proficiency in English is low
Immersion
A strategy in which instruction in all school subjects occurs in the second language that a child is learning
Bilingual education
A strategy in which school subjects are taught in both the learner’s original language and the second language
ESL
Teaching English to those who don’t
Hidden curriculum
The unofficial rules and priorities that influence the curriculum, organization and setting in a school
Trends in Math and Science Study
An international assessment of the math and science skills of 4th and 8th graders
Progress in International Reading Literacy Study
A planned 5 year cycle of international trend studies in the reading ability
No Child Left Behind Act
Requiring states to qualify for federal educational funding by administering standardized tests to measure school achievement
National Assessment of Educational Progress
“the Nation’s Report Card”
Charter Schools
Public schools with their own set of standards funded and licensed by the state or local district in which they are located
Private schools
Schools funded by parents and sponsoring institutions
Vouchers
A monetary commitment by the government to pay for the education of a child
Home schooling
Education in which children are taught at home
Development psychopathology
The field that uses insights into typical development to understand and remediate developmental disorders
Aptitude
The potential to master a specific skill or to learn a certain body of knowledge
Achievement test
A measure of mastery or proficiency in any of the subjects
Flynn effect
The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations
Multiple intelligences
The idea that human intelligence is comprised of a varied set of abilities rather than a single, all-encompassing one
Multifinality
One cause can have multiple final manifestations
Equifinality
One symptom can have many causes
ADHD
Difficulty concentrating
Specific learning disorder
A marked deficit in a particular area of learning that is not caused by an apparent physical disability
Dyslexia
Difficulty with reading
Dyscalculia
Unusual difficulty with math
Autism spectrum disorder
Any of several conditions characterized by inadequate social skills, impaired communication and unusual play
Neurodiversity
The idea that people with special needs have diverse brain structures
Response to intervention
An educational strategy that uses early intervention to help children who demonstrate below-average achievement
Individual education plan
A document that specifies educational goals and plans for a child with special needs
