ch 7 Flashcards
What is negative punishment?
Removing a pleasurable stimulus to decrease unwanted behavior.
What is a common technique of negative punishment used by parents and teachers?
Time out.
What does ‘time out’ involve?
Removing a child from their surroundings, limiting access to play and interaction.
What happens if the environment is not unpleasant in a time-out?
It may not effectively alter behavior.
What is a variable ratio schedule?
A reinforcement strategy where the number of responses needed for a reward is unpredictable.
What is continuous reinforcement?
Reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs.
What is intermittent reinforcement?
Reinforcement that occurs only some of the time after a behavior.
What is a fixed ratio schedule?
A reinforcement schedule that occurs after a predetermined number of responses.
What is a variable ratio schedule example?
Slot machines, which pay out after a random number of attempts.
What is a fixed interval schedule?
A reinforcement schedule that rewards after a specific time period has passed.
What is a variable interval schedule?
A reinforcement schedule that occurs at unpredictable time intervals.
What is shaping?
Reinforcing actions that are increasingly closer to the desired behavior.
What is instinctive drift?
A return to innate behaviors that interferes with conditioned responses.
How are service dogs trained for PTSD support?
Through reinforcement to detect and respond to symptoms like nightmares and disorientation.
What is observational learning?
Learning that occurs by watching others.
What is modeling?
Mimicking the behavior observed in others.
What is an example of observational learning in animals?
Japanese macaques washing sweet potatoes after observing others do it.
What did Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment demonstrate?
Children can learn aggressive behaviors by observing aggression.
What is vicarious learning?
Learning through observing the consequences of others’ actions.
What are mirror neurons?
Neurons that fire when performing an action or seeing someone else perform it.
What is learned helplessness?
When repeated exposure to inescapable punishment leads to failure to try to avoid it later.
What is the Stroop Effect?
A delay in response time when color names and ink colors differ.
What is spatial navigation learning?
Forming associations related to navigating in space.
What is implicit learning?
Learning that occurs without conscious awareness.
What is insight learning?
A sudden realization or solution to a problem.
What type of reinforcement leads to rapid learning but is easily extinguished?
Continuous reinforcement.
Which reinforcement is more resistant to extinction: continuous or intermittent?
Intermittent reinforcement.
What is spaced practice?
Learning that occurs over multiple, spaced intervals, improving retention.
What is massed practice?
Cramming or learning all at once without breaks.
What is context-dependent learning?
Improved recall when learning and retrieval occur in the same environment.
How does sleep affect learning?
Sleep enhances memory consolidation and learning retention.
What is the pop-out effect?
A stimulus that stands out and immediately captures attention.
How can multitasking impact learning?
Divided attention can reduce comprehension and retention.
What is specific learning disorder?
A disorder that impairs one or more areas of academic achievement.
What is dyslexia?
A reading disorder involving difficulties with comprehension and word recognition.
What is dyscalculia?
A mathematics disorder involving difficulty with numerical tasks.
What is dysgraphia?
A disorder affecting the ability to write coherently.
What is fear-based learning?
A violent coping mechanism learned as a response to stress or threat.
What is lateral violence?
Aggression directed at peers due to a sense of helplessness.
What is the primary benefit of sleep for learning?
It facilitates memory consolidation, essential for retaining new information.
What is latent learning?
Learning that isn’t immediately expressed until there’s a reward.
What is massed practice often linked to?
Reduced retention due to lack of spaced repetition and sleep deprivation.
Why is spacing out study sessions beneficial?
It allows for better long-term retention of information.
What role do mirror neurons play in social learning?
They help in mimicking observed behaviors, aiding in imitation and empathy.
What is the purpose of a cognitive map in learning?
To mentally represent a spatial layout, aiding in navigation.
What is a fixed ratio schedule example?
Receiving a reward after every ten responses.
How does intermittent reinforcement affect behavior extinction?
It makes behaviors harder to extinguish than continuous reinforcement.
What is instinctive drift?
A tendency to revert to natural behaviors despite conditioning.
What does shaping involve in behavior training?
Reinforcing successive approximations to teach a complex behavior.
What is operant conditioning?
A learning method that uses reinforcement or punishment to shape behavior.
