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psychology > ch 7 > Flashcards

ch 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is negative punishment?

A

Removing a pleasurable stimulus to decrease unwanted behavior.

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2
Q

What is a common technique of negative punishment used by parents and teachers?

A

Time out.

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3
Q

What does ‘time out’ involve?

A

Removing a child from their surroundings, limiting access to play and interaction.

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4
Q

What happens if the environment is not unpleasant in a time-out?

A

It may not effectively alter behavior.

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5
Q

What is a variable ratio schedule?

A

A reinforcement strategy where the number of responses needed for a reward is unpredictable.

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6
Q

What is continuous reinforcement?

A

Reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs.

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7
Q

What is intermittent reinforcement?

A

Reinforcement that occurs only some of the time after a behavior.

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8
Q

What is a fixed ratio schedule?

A

A reinforcement schedule that occurs after a predetermined number of responses.

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9
Q

What is a variable ratio schedule example?

A

Slot machines, which pay out after a random number of attempts.

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10
Q

What is a fixed interval schedule?

A

A reinforcement schedule that rewards after a specific time period has passed.

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11
Q

What is a variable interval schedule?

A

A reinforcement schedule that occurs at unpredictable time intervals.

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12
Q

What is shaping?

A

Reinforcing actions that are increasingly closer to the desired behavior.

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13
Q

What is instinctive drift?

A

A return to innate behaviors that interferes with conditioned responses.

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14
Q

How are service dogs trained for PTSD support?

A

Through reinforcement to detect and respond to symptoms like nightmares and disorientation.

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15
Q

What is observational learning?

A

Learning that occurs by watching others.

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16
Q

What is modeling?

A

Mimicking the behavior observed in others.

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17
Q

What is an example of observational learning in animals?

A

Japanese macaques washing sweet potatoes after observing others do it.

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18
Q

What did Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment demonstrate?

A

Children can learn aggressive behaviors by observing aggression.

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19
Q

What is vicarious learning?

A

Learning through observing the consequences of others’ actions.

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20
Q

What are mirror neurons?

A

Neurons that fire when performing an action or seeing someone else perform it.

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21
Q

What is learned helplessness?

A

When repeated exposure to inescapable punishment leads to failure to try to avoid it later.

22
Q

What is the Stroop Effect?

A

A delay in response time when color names and ink colors differ.

23
Q

What is spatial navigation learning?

A

Forming associations related to navigating in space.

24
Q

What is implicit learning?

A

Learning that occurs without conscious awareness.

25
Q

What is insight learning?

A

A sudden realization or solution to a problem.

26
Q

What type of reinforcement leads to rapid learning but is easily extinguished?

A

Continuous reinforcement.

27
Q

Which reinforcement is more resistant to extinction: continuous or intermittent?

A

Intermittent reinforcement.

28
Q

What is spaced practice?

A

Learning that occurs over multiple, spaced intervals, improving retention.

29
Q

What is massed practice?

A

Cramming or learning all at once without breaks.

30
Q

What is context-dependent learning?

A

Improved recall when learning and retrieval occur in the same environment.

31
Q

How does sleep affect learning?

A

Sleep enhances memory consolidation and learning retention.

32
Q

What is the pop-out effect?

A

A stimulus that stands out and immediately captures attention.

33
Q

How can multitasking impact learning?

A

Divided attention can reduce comprehension and retention.

34
Q

What is specific learning disorder?

A

A disorder that impairs one or more areas of academic achievement.

35
Q

What is dyslexia?

A

A reading disorder involving difficulties with comprehension and word recognition.

36
Q

What is dyscalculia?

A

A mathematics disorder involving difficulty with numerical tasks.

37
Q

What is dysgraphia?

A

A disorder affecting the ability to write coherently.

38
Q

What is fear-based learning?

A

A violent coping mechanism learned as a response to stress or threat.

39
Q

What is lateral violence?

A

Aggression directed at peers due to a sense of helplessness.

40
Q

What is the primary benefit of sleep for learning?

A

It facilitates memory consolidation, essential for retaining new information.

41
Q

What is latent learning?

A

Learning that isn’t immediately expressed until there’s a reward.

42
Q

What is massed practice often linked to?

A

Reduced retention due to lack of spaced repetition and sleep deprivation.

43
Q

Why is spacing out study sessions beneficial?

A

It allows for better long-term retention of information.

44
Q

What role do mirror neurons play in social learning?

A

They help in mimicking observed behaviors, aiding in imitation and empathy.

45
Q

What is the purpose of a cognitive map in learning?

A

To mentally represent a spatial layout, aiding in navigation.

46
Q

What is a fixed ratio schedule example?

A

Receiving a reward after every ten responses.

47
Q

How does intermittent reinforcement affect behavior extinction?

A

It makes behaviors harder to extinguish than continuous reinforcement.

48
Q

What is instinctive drift?

A

A tendency to revert to natural behaviors despite conditioning.

49
Q

What does shaping involve in behavior training?

A

Reinforcing successive approximations to teach a complex behavior.

50
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

A learning method that uses reinforcement or punishment to shape behavior.

psychology (7 decks)

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