Appendix B

Question 1

What are descriptive statistics?

Answer 1

Descriptive statistics are used to describe and summarize data.

Question 2

What are inferential statistics?

Answer 2

Inferential statistics are used to draw conclusions about research data.

Question 3

What is an ungrouped frequency distribution?

Answer 3

It is a count of the number of times each specific data point or score appears in a data set.

Question 4

What is a grouped frequency distribution?

Answer 4

It is a count of the number of times specific data points fall into a range of values in a data set.

Question 5

What is a histogram?

Answer 5

A histogram is a bar chart showing the number of times specific data points fall into a range of values in a data set.

Question 6

What is a frequency polygon?

Answer 6

A frequency polygon is a line graph depicting a grouped frequency distribution, created by connecting the midpoints of each class of data.

Question 7

What are the three most common measures of central tendency?

Answer 7

Mean, median, and mode

Question 8

How is the mean calculated?

Answer 8

The mean is the sum of all values in a data set divided by the number of values.

Question 9

What is the median?

Answer 9

The median is the middle value in an ordered data set.

Question 10

What is the mode?

Answer 10

The mode is the most frequent or most common value in a data set.

Question 11

What are measures of variability?

Answer 11

Measures that tell how different the values are within a data set, such as range, variance, and standard deviation.

Question 12

What is the range?

Answer 12

The range is the difference between the smallest and largest values in a data set.

Question 13

What is variance?

Answer 13

Variance is the average of the squared deviations from the mean, indicating how spread out the values are.

Question 14

What is standard deviation?

Answer 14

Standard deviation is the square root of the variance, providing a measure of variability in the same metric as the original data.

Question 15

What is a normal distribution?

Answer 15

A normal distribution is a symmetrical, bell-shaped distribution where most scores cluster around the middle.

Question 16

What is a positively skewed distribution?

Answer 16

A distribution where most values occur at the lower end of the scale, and the tail extends to the right.

Question 17

What is a negatively skewed distribution?

Answer 17

A distribution where most values occur at the upper end of the scale, and the tail extends to the left.

Question 18

What is a scatterplot?

Answer 18

A scatterplot is a graph that shows the relationship between two variables by plotting data points on two axes.

Question 19

What is the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (r)?

Answer 19

It is a statistic that indicates the degree of relationship between two variables, ranging from −1 to +1.

Question 20

What is hypothesis testing?

Answer 20

Hypothesis testing involves testing claims about a population using a sample, typically by comparing experimental and control groups.

Question 21

What is a null hypothesis?

Answer 21

The null hypothesis asserts that there is no difference between groups or variables being studied in a population.

Question 22

What is an alternative hypothesis?

Answer 22

The alternative hypothesis asserts that there is a difference between groups or variables in the population.

Question 23

What is a significance level in hypothesis testing?

Answer 23

It is the level of risk researchers are willing to take when making conclusions, often set at p < 0.05 or p < 0.01.

Question 24

What is effect size?

Answer 24

Effect size is a standardized measure that reflects the degree of relationship or the size of the difference between variables.

Question 25

What is Cohen’s d?

Answer 25

Cohen’s d is a standardized effect size that measures the difference between two population means.

Question 26

What is an ungrouped frequency distribution table used for?

Answer 26

It displays how many times each unique score occurs in a data set.

Question 27

What is a deviation score?

Answer 27

A deviation score is the difference between an individual score and the mean of the data set.

Question 28

What is covariance?

Answer 28

Covariance is a measure of how two variables change together, calculated as the sum of the products of deviation scores.

Question 29

What does a sampling distribution represent?

Answer 29

A sampling distribution represents the distribution of a statistic (e.g., mean) from many samples taken from a population.

Question 30

What is the coefficient of determination (r²)?

Answer 30

It is the square of the Pearson correlation coefficient and indicates how much of the variability in one variable can be predicted from the other.

Question 31

How does a positively skewed distribution affect the mean, median, and mode?

Answer 31

The mean is greater than the median, which is greater than the mode.

Question 32

How does a negatively skewed distribution affect the mean, median, and mode?

Answer 32

The mode is greater than the median, which is greater than the mean.

Question 33

What is a random sample?

Answer 33

A sample where each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.