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psychology > ch 6 > Flashcards

ch 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is hypnosis used for?

A

Breaking habits like smoking and overeating

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2
Q

How does hypnosis help with smoking?

A

Research shows it can help some people quit.

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3
Q

What enhances the effectiveness of hypnosis for weight loss?

A

Pairing it with cognitive treatments.

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4
Q

What does the divided consciousness theory suggest?

A

Hypnosis splits awareness into two parts.

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5
Q

Who suggested hypnosis involves role-playing?

A

Nick Spanos.

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6
Q

What did Hilgard’s research suggest about consciousness?

A

It splits during hypnosis, with a “hidden observer.”

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7
Q

What brain region is less active during hypnotic pain relief?

A

Anterior cingulate cortex.

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8
Q

What is dissociation?

A

Splitting consciousness into two parts.

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9
Q

What happens during hypnosis, according to Spanos?

A

Highly motivated people enact roles.

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10
Q

What does neuroimaging suggest about hypnosis and pain?

A

Hypnosis alters activity in the cerebral cortex.

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11
Q

What is a psychoactive drug?

A

A chemical that affects mood and behavior.

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12
Q

What does addiction involve?

A

Maladaptive patterns of drug use.

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13
Q

What are depressants?

A

Drugs that slow the central nervous system.

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14
Q

What does alcohol primarily affect?

A

GABA neurotransmitters.

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15
Q

What are opioids used for?

A

Reducing pain and emotional tension.

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16
Q

What do stimulants do?

A

Increase central nervous system activity.

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17
Q

What does caffeine block?

A

Adenosine receptors.

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18
Q

What is the primary addictive substance in tobacco?

A

Nicotine.

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19
Q

How does cocaine affect the brain?

A

It blocks dopamine reuptake.

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20
Q

What effect do amphetamines have?

A

Increase dopamine and norepinephrine release.

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21
Q

What do hallucinogens alter?

A

Sensory perceptions.

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22
Q

What does LSD primarily affect?

A

Serotonin receptors.

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23
Q

What is THC found in?

A

Cannabis.

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24
Q

What neurotransmitter system does MDMA affect?

A

Serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine.

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25
Q

What is tolerance?

A

Needing more of a drug for the same effect.

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26
Q

What are withdrawal symptoms?

A

Unpleasant effects after stopping drug use.

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27
Q

What is binge drinking?

A

Excessive alcohol consumption in one sitting.

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28
Q

What is a common depressant?

A

Alcohol

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29
Q

What do sedative-hypnotics do?

A

Induce relaxation and drowsiness.

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30
Q

What are opioids derived from?

A

Opium poppy sap.

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31
Q

What is heroin classified as?

A

An opioid.

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32
Q

What neurotransmitter do opioids mimic?

A

Endorphins

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33
Q

What stimulant is most widely used?

A

Caffeine

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34
Q

What are the effects of nicotine?

A

Increases alertness and reduces stress.

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35
Q

What causes cocaine’s euphoria?

A

Increased dopamine levels.

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36
Q

What neurotransmitters do amphetamines increase?

A

Dopamine and norepinephrine.

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37
Q

What is the primary effect of LSD?

A

Visual hallucinations.

38
Q

What are flashbacks from LSD called?

A

Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder.

39
Q

What is psilocybin found in?

A

Magic mushrooms.

40
Q

What effects does mescaline produce?

A

Euphoria and hallucinations.

41
Q

What plant is DMT found in?

A

Amazon forest plants.

42
Q

What is ketamine primarily used for?

A

Veterinary anesthetic

43
Q

What does PCP primarily affect?

A

Glutamate receptors.

44
Q

What is the main psychoactive chemical in cannabis?

A

THC.

45
Q

What is the brain’s reward learning pathway?

A

A system activated by pleasurable stimuli.

46
Q

What neurotransmitter is key in the reward pathway?

A

Dopamine.

47
Q

What is consciousness?

A

Immediate awareness of our internal and external states.

48
Q

What is preconsciousness?

A

A level of awareness where information is readily available to consciousness if necessary

49
Q

What is an automatic behavior?

A

Actions performed without conscious thought, such as driving a familiar route.

50
Q

What is unconsciousness?

A

A state where information is not easily accessible to conscious awareness.

51
Q

What is implicit memory?

A

Knowledge that we are not consciously aware of but use in performing tasks

52
Q

What is explicit memory?

A

Conscious, intentional recovery of a memory.

53
Q

What is the divided consciousness theory of hypnosis?

A

Hypnosis splits awareness into two parts, one of which may respond to commands.

54
Q

What did Gary Klein’s research on firefighters reveal about decision-making?

A

Firefighters often make quick, intuitive decisions using unconscious processes.

55
Q

What is Freud’s view of the unconscious?

A

A reservoir for thoughts and memories too disturbing for conscious awareness.

56
Q

What is a Freudian slip?

A

An accidental expression of unconscious thoughts.

57
Q

What is the activation-synthesis model of dreaming?

A

Dreams are the brain’s attempt to synthesize random neural activity.

58
Q

What is REM sleep?

A

A sleep stage characterized by rapid eye movements and vivid dreams.

59
Q

What are sleep spindles?

A

Bursts of brain activity during Stage 2 sleep.

60
Q

What is circadian rhythm?

A

The body’s internal clock regulating the sleep-wake cycle over a 24-hour period.

61
Q

What is the adaptive theory of sleep?

A

Organisms sleep for self-preservation, staying safe from predators at night.

62
Q

What is restorative theory of sleep?

A

Sleep allows the brain and body to restore chemical resources and remove waste.

63
Q

What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)?

A

brain region that coordinates the body’s circadian rhythms.

64
Q

What is REM sleep behavior disorder?

A

A disorder where individuals act out their dreams due to a lack of muscle paralysis.

65
Q

What is insomnia?

A

Difficulty falling or staying asleep.

66
Q

What is sleep apnea?

A

A sleep disorder where breathing repeatedly stops during sleep.

67
Q

What is narcolepsy?

A

A disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks.

68
Q

What is delayed sleep phase syndrome?

A

Difficulty falling asleep and waking up at desired times, common in adolescents.

69
Q

What is restless legs syndrome (RLS)?

A

A disorder causing uncomfortable sensations in the legs and an urge to move them

70
Q

What is a night terror?

A

A sleep disorder where individuals wake up in extreme fear and agitation.

71
Q

What are lucid dreams?

A

Dreams where the sleeper is aware they are dreaming and may control the dream

72
Q

What is a posthypnotic suggestion?

A

A command given during hypnosis that a person follows after being roused.

73
Q

What is a positive hallucination in hypnosis?

A

Seeing or hearing things that are not present.

74
Q

What is a negative hallucination in hypnosis?

A

Failing to see or hear stimuli that are present, often used to control pain.

75
Q

What is posthypnotic amnesia?

A

Forgetting learned information during hypnosis until a trigger is given.

76
Q

What is the reticular formation responsible for?

A

Maintaining wakefulness and alertness.

77
Q

What is the role of the thalamus in consciousness?

A

Routing sensory information to the cortex for conscious awareness.

78
Q

What are sleep spindles associated with?

A

Light sleep in Stage 2 of the sleep cycle.

79
Q

What happens during Stage 3 and 4 sleep?

A

Deep sleep with delta waves, where the body is most relaxed.

80
Q

What is the difference between manifest and latent content in dreams?

A

Manifest content is the actual dream; latent content represents hidden desires.

81
Q

What is the Rouge test used to assess in babies?

A

A baby’s awareness of self by observing if they touch their own nose in a mirror.

82
Q

What is multitasking’s effect on performance?

A

Most people perform worse when multitasking compared to focusing on one task.

83
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus in sleep?

A

It helps regulate wakefulness and sleep patterns via the orexin system.

84
Q

What is implicit memory used for?

A

Performing tasks without conscious awareness, such as driving or playing an instrument.

85
Q

What does Freud’s theory suggest about repressed thoughts?

A

They are stored in the unconscious and can influence behavior

86
Q

What is REM sleep?

A

A sleep stage marked by rapid brain activity and dreaming.

87
Q

How does sleep benefit memory?

A

REM sleep helps consolidate newly learned information.

88
Q

What is a circadian rhythm sleep disorder?

A

A misalignment between a person’s sleep-wake cycle and their environment.

89
Q

What happens during non-REM sleep?

A

Stages 1-4 of the sleep cycle, characterized by slower brainwave activity and relaxation

90
Q

What is a hypnagogic hallucination?

A

A vivid sensation during the transition from wakefulness to sleep.

91
Q

What does the term “stream of consciousness” describe?

A

The continuous flow of thoughts and awareness as we experience them.

92
Q

What is a coma?

A

A state of prolonged unconsciousness due to brain injury or damage.

psychology (7 decks)

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