ch 6 Flashcards
What is hypnosis used for?
Breaking habits like smoking and overeating
How does hypnosis help with smoking?
Research shows it can help some people quit.
What enhances the effectiveness of hypnosis for weight loss?
Pairing it with cognitive treatments.
What does the divided consciousness theory suggest?
Hypnosis splits awareness into two parts.
Who suggested hypnosis involves role-playing?
Nick Spanos.
What did Hilgard’s research suggest about consciousness?
It splits during hypnosis, with a “hidden observer.”
What brain region is less active during hypnotic pain relief?
Anterior cingulate cortex.
What is dissociation?
Splitting consciousness into two parts.
What happens during hypnosis, according to Spanos?
Highly motivated people enact roles.
What does neuroimaging suggest about hypnosis and pain?
Hypnosis alters activity in the cerebral cortex.
What is a psychoactive drug?
A chemical that affects mood and behavior.
What does addiction involve?
Maladaptive patterns of drug use.
What are depressants?
Drugs that slow the central nervous system.
What does alcohol primarily affect?
GABA neurotransmitters.
What are opioids used for?
Reducing pain and emotional tension.
What do stimulants do?
Increase central nervous system activity.
What does caffeine block?
Adenosine receptors.
What is the primary addictive substance in tobacco?
Nicotine.
How does cocaine affect the brain?
It blocks dopamine reuptake.
What effect do amphetamines have?
Increase dopamine and norepinephrine release.
What do hallucinogens alter?
Sensory perceptions.
What does LSD primarily affect?
Serotonin receptors.
What is THC found in?
Cannabis.
What neurotransmitter system does MDMA affect?
Serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine.
What is tolerance?
Needing more of a drug for the same effect.
What are withdrawal symptoms?
Unpleasant effects after stopping drug use.
What is binge drinking?
Excessive alcohol consumption in one sitting.
What is a common depressant?
Alcohol
What do sedative-hypnotics do?
Induce relaxation and drowsiness.
What are opioids derived from?
Opium poppy sap.
What is heroin classified as?
An opioid.
What neurotransmitter do opioids mimic?
Endorphins
What stimulant is most widely used?
Caffeine
What are the effects of nicotine?
Increases alertness and reduces stress.
What causes cocaine’s euphoria?
Increased dopamine levels.
What neurotransmitters do amphetamines increase?
Dopamine and norepinephrine.
What is the primary effect of LSD?
Visual hallucinations.
What are flashbacks from LSD called?
Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder.
What is psilocybin found in?
Magic mushrooms.
What effects does mescaline produce?
Euphoria and hallucinations.
What plant is DMT found in?
Amazon forest plants.
What is ketamine primarily used for?
Veterinary anesthetic
What does PCP primarily affect?
Glutamate receptors.
What is the main psychoactive chemical in cannabis?
THC.
What is the brain’s reward learning pathway?
A system activated by pleasurable stimuli.
What neurotransmitter is key in the reward pathway?
Dopamine.
What is consciousness?
Immediate awareness of our internal and external states.
What is preconsciousness?
A level of awareness where information is readily available to consciousness if necessary
What is an automatic behavior?
Actions performed without conscious thought, such as driving a familiar route.
What is unconsciousness?
A state where information is not easily accessible to conscious awareness.
What is implicit memory?
Knowledge that we are not consciously aware of but use in performing tasks
What is explicit memory?
Conscious, intentional recovery of a memory.
What is the divided consciousness theory of hypnosis?
Hypnosis splits awareness into two parts, one of which may respond to commands.
What did Gary Klein’s research on firefighters reveal about decision-making?
Firefighters often make quick, intuitive decisions using unconscious processes.
What is Freud’s view of the unconscious?
A reservoir for thoughts and memories too disturbing for conscious awareness.
What is a Freudian slip?
An accidental expression of unconscious thoughts.
What is the activation-synthesis model of dreaming?
Dreams are the brain’s attempt to synthesize random neural activity.
What is REM sleep?
A sleep stage characterized by rapid eye movements and vivid dreams.
What are sleep spindles?
Bursts of brain activity during Stage 2 sleep.
What is circadian rhythm?
The body’s internal clock regulating the sleep-wake cycle over a 24-hour period.
What is the adaptive theory of sleep?
Organisms sleep for self-preservation, staying safe from predators at night.
What is restorative theory of sleep?
Sleep allows the brain and body to restore chemical resources and remove waste.
What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)?
brain region that coordinates the body’s circadian rhythms.
What is REM sleep behavior disorder?
A disorder where individuals act out their dreams due to a lack of muscle paralysis.
What is insomnia?
Difficulty falling or staying asleep.
What is sleep apnea?
A sleep disorder where breathing repeatedly stops during sleep.
What is narcolepsy?
A disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks.
What is delayed sleep phase syndrome?
Difficulty falling asleep and waking up at desired times, common in adolescents.
What is restless legs syndrome (RLS)?
A disorder causing uncomfortable sensations in the legs and an urge to move them
What is a night terror?
A sleep disorder where individuals wake up in extreme fear and agitation.
What are lucid dreams?
Dreams where the sleeper is aware they are dreaming and may control the dream
What is a posthypnotic suggestion?
A command given during hypnosis that a person follows after being roused.
What is a positive hallucination in hypnosis?
Seeing or hearing things that are not present.
What is a negative hallucination in hypnosis?
Failing to see or hear stimuli that are present, often used to control pain.
What is posthypnotic amnesia?
Forgetting learned information during hypnosis until a trigger is given.
What is the reticular formation responsible for?
Maintaining wakefulness and alertness.
What is the role of the thalamus in consciousness?
Routing sensory information to the cortex for conscious awareness.
What are sleep spindles associated with?
Light sleep in Stage 2 of the sleep cycle.
What happens during Stage 3 and 4 sleep?
Deep sleep with delta waves, where the body is most relaxed.
What is the difference between manifest and latent content in dreams?
Manifest content is the actual dream; latent content represents hidden desires.
What is the Rouge test used to assess in babies?
A baby’s awareness of self by observing if they touch their own nose in a mirror.
What is multitasking’s effect on performance?
Most people perform worse when multitasking compared to focusing on one task.
What is the role of the hypothalamus in sleep?
It helps regulate wakefulness and sleep patterns via the orexin system.
What is implicit memory used for?
Performing tasks without conscious awareness, such as driving or playing an instrument.
What does Freud’s theory suggest about repressed thoughts?
They are stored in the unconscious and can influence behavior
What is REM sleep?
A sleep stage marked by rapid brain activity and dreaming.
How does sleep benefit memory?
REM sleep helps consolidate newly learned information.
What is a circadian rhythm sleep disorder?
A misalignment between a person’s sleep-wake cycle and their environment.
What happens during non-REM sleep?
Stages 1-4 of the sleep cycle, characterized by slower brainwave activity and relaxation
What is a hypnagogic hallucination?
A vivid sensation during the transition from wakefulness to sleep.
What does the term “stream of consciousness” describe?
The continuous flow of thoughts and awareness as we experience them.
What is a coma?
A state of prolonged unconsciousness due to brain injury or damage.
