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psychology > ch 1 > Flashcards

ch 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is psychology?

A

The study of mental processes and behaviors.

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2
Q

What are the four goals of psychology?

A

Describe, explain, predict, and control behavior.

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3
Q

What are mental processes?

A

Activities of the brain like thinking and remembering.

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4
Q

What is behavior?

A

Observable actions in response to stimuli.

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5
Q

What is culture?

A

Shared beliefs and practices transmitted across generations.

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6
Q

Who is Hippocrates?

A

A Greek physician who linked mental and physical health.

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7
Q

What did Plato believe about knowledge?

A

Knowledge is innate and inborn

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8
Q

What is empiricism?

A

The belief that knowledge comes from experience.

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9
Q

Who is René Descartes?

A

A philosopher who proposed mind-body dualism.

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10
Q

What is structuralism?

A

A study of the structure of conscious experience (Titchener).

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11
Q

What is introspection?

A

Self-observation of mental processes

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12
Q

What is functionalism?

A

Focus on the purpose of mental processes (James).

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13
Q

What is Gestalt psychology?

A

The whole is greater than the sum of its parts

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14
Q

Who founded psychoanalysis?

A

Sigmund Freud.

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15
Q

What is the unconscious?

A

Thoughts and feelings outside awareness.

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16
Q

What is behaviorism?

A

Study of observable behavior (Watson, Skinner)

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17
Q

What is reinforcement?

A

Increases likelihood of a behavior being repeated

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18
Q

What is punishment?

A

Decreases likelihood of a behavior.

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19
Q

What is humanistic psychology?

A

Emphasizes human potential and growth

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20
Q

What is psychoanalytic theory?

A

Unconscious forces drive behavior (Freud)

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21
Q

What is conditioning?

A

Learning associations between stimuli and responses

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22
Q

What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement?

A

Positive adds a reward; negative removes an unpleasant stimulus.

23
Q

What is voluntarism?

A

Willful decision-making in behavior (Wundt)

24
Q

Who developed the theory of evolution?

A

Charles Darwin

25
Q

Who measured the speed of nerve impulses?

A

Hermann von Helmholtz.

26
Q

What is psychophysics?

A

Study of relationships between stimuli and perception (Müller, Fechner).

27
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

An environmental factor that triggers a response.

28
Q

What is a response?

A

A reaction to a stimulus

29
Q

What is the “tabula rasa” concept?

A

The mind is a blank slate at birth (John Locke).

30
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

Removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase behavior.

31
Q

What are the main features of Gestalt psychology?

A

Inborn tendencies to perceive wholes, not parts.

32
Q

What is cognitive behaviorism?

A

Combines behaviorism with cognitive processes (Bandura).

33
Q

What did William James argue about consciousness?

A

It helps humans adapt and survive.

34
Q

What is consciousness?

A

Personal awareness of mental processes and behaviors.

35
Q

Who is Wilhelm Wundt?

A

Founder of experimental psychology and voluntarism.

36
Q

What is structuralism’s main method of study?

A

Introspection, or self-reflection on mental processes.

37
Q

What did Edward Titchener contribute to psychology?

A

Developed structuralism, focused on the basic elements of consciousness.

38
Q

What was William James’ view on the mind?

A

Consciousness is a stream of ever-changing mental events (functionalism).

39
Q

What is the difference between structuralism and functionalism?

A

Structuralism focuses on the structure of the mind, functionalism on its purpose.

40
Q

What is the main idea of Gestalt psychology?

A

The whole is perceived, not just the sum of its parts.

41
Q

What is psychoanalytic theory’s focus?

A

Unconscious drives and childhood experiences shape behavior (Freud).

42
Q

What is behaviorism’s key belief?

A

Psychology should study observable behaviors, not mental processes.

43
Q

What did John Watson believe about psychology?

A

Psychology should focus on observable behavior and conditioning.

44
Q

What was B.F. Skinner’s major contribution?

A

Expanded behaviorism to include reinforcement and punishment.

45
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

Adding a reward to increase a behavior.

46
Q

What did Sigmund Freud believe about childhood?

A

Childhood experiences shape unconscious and conscious behaviors.

47
Q

What is the blank slate theory (tabula rasa)?

A

The belief that humans are born without innate ideas (John Locke).

48
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Learning to associate a neutral stimulus with an automatic response (Pavlov).

49
Q

What did Freud believe about hysteria?

A

It was caused by unconscious memories and repressed trauma.

50
Q

What is dualism?

A

The idea that the mind and body are separate (Descartes).

51
Q

What did William James believe about emotions?

A

They are adaptive and help humans survive (functionalism).

52
Q

What is the main principle of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory?

A

Behavior is driven by unconscious forces and childhood experiences.

53
Q
A

psychology (7 decks)

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