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ch 7 Flashcards

thyroid + parathyroid glands

1
Q

isthmus

A

butterfly shaped and connects two lobes

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2
Q

thyroid gland location

A

between trachea and esophagus

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3
Q

thyroid gland anatomy

A

follicular cells surround colloid
- follicular cells are epithelial cells
- colloid is necessary bc thyroid hormones are protein based
- parafollicular cells js there

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4
Q

thyroid hormones

A

TRH, TSH, T3 (triiodothyronin- principal thyroid hormone), T4 (tetraiodthyronine), calcitonin (calcium regulation in the bloodstream and made by the parafollicular cells)

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5
Q

thyroid hormone synthesis and storage

A

needs 2 tyrosine and 3-4 iodine

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6
Q

T3 synthesis

A

tyrosines are iodinated to make one diiodotyrosine and one monoiodotyrosine

more potent

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7
Q

T4 synthesis

A

2 iodides added to each tyrosine within the thyroglobulin
- makes 2 diiodotyrosines
- thyroid peroxidase cleaves the tyrosines and combines the two
- both stays attached to the thyroglobulin until secretion
- makes hormones ahead of time

longer half-life

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8
Q

thyroid release and secretion

A

endocytosis: the cell takes the thyroglobulin w T3 and T4 attached and transported inside, they are released from the thyroglobulin by a lysosome
- specialized iodide channels on the surface to store in the colloid

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9
Q

endocrine regulation of the thyroid

A

hypothalamus > anterior pituitary > thyroid gland > bloodstream

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10
Q

stimulation for TRH

A

decrease in T3 or T4 levels in blood
- pulsatile secretion
- circadian rhythm and stress

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11
Q

functions of thyroid hormone

A

increases basal metabolic rate
important for growth in children and teens
- provides a “permissive” effect for other hormones (GH)

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12
Q

hyperthyroidism causes

A

causes: thyroid tumor or cancer
Graves’ disease: autoimmune disease of thyroid gland

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13
Q

hypothyroidism causes

A

Hashimoto’s disease: autoimmune disease of thyroid gland
malfunctioning thyroid gland
iodine deficiency

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14
Q

hyperthyroidism symptoms

A

symptoms: nervousness, high metabolic rate and weight loss, protruding eyeballs, goiter, rapid or irregular heartbeat, increased body temperature, muscle weakness

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15
Q

hyperthyroidism treatment

A

surgical removal of affected thyroid, radiotherapy with radioactive iodine, followed by thyroid hormone replacement therapy

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16
Q

hypothyroidism symptoms

A

fatigue and weakness, puffy face, low basal metabolic rate and weight gain, higher sensitivity to cold, thinning hair, goiter

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17
Q

neonatal hypothyroidism (cretinism) causes

A

iodine deficiency during pregnancy or the thyroid gland is absent, poorly developed, or malfunctioning

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18
Q

cretinism symptoms

A

puffy face, thick tongue protruding abdomen, umbilical hernia, muscle weakness

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19
Q

cretinism and hypothyroidism treatments

A

thyroid hormone replacement therapy, iodine deficiency and goiter (iodine supplementation), C cells- produce calcitonin (parafollicular cells)

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20
Q

calcitonin: function

A

hypercalcemia (more likely for women)
bones serve as major storage sights for calcium in the form of calcium phosphate crystals

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21
Q

bone deposition

A

osteoblasts secrete a matrix, which becomes hardened by deposits of calcium phosphate cystals

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22
Q

bone resorption

A

osteoclasts break down the calcium phosphate crystals
- results in an increased release of calcium into the blood

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23
Q

calcitonin reduces…

A

calcitonin reduces calcium uptake by the kidneys
- used as treatment to promote bone conservations

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24
Q

osteoporosis

A

abnormal thinning and weakening of bone

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25
paget's disease
abnormal remodeling of bone
26
parathyroid glands structure
two major types - chief cells - oxyphil cells
27
PTH function
stimulates osteoclast resorption in bone
28
adrenal cortex: adrenocorticosteroids
mineralocorticoids: aldosterone glucocorticoids: cortisol gonadocorticoids: sex hormones
29
mineralocorticoids
secretion is stimulated by angiotensin II targets the kidneys - regulates the balance of fluid and electrolytes in the blood
30
kidneys: function
nephron - glomerulus within the bowman's capsule -tubules
31
aldosterone: secretion
secretion of aldosterone is stimulated by angiotensin II - lowered blood volume (pressure) - stimulation is indirect through angiotensin II - low Na+ in the blood - also indirect through angiotensin II - low plasma Na+ and aldosterone
32
low cortisol symptoms
low glucose levels, fatigue, weight loss, reduced muscle mass, dizziness
33
glucocorticoids function
cortisol targets tissues throughout body - regulate metabolism - immune response - body's response and adaption to stress
34
regulation of immune response immunosuppressive effects
lower white blood cells, lower antibody production, causes atrophy of tissues involved in the immune response
35
regulation of immune response anti-inflammatory effect
blocks the release of proinflammatory chemicals - eg histamines + prostaglandins
36
acute stress (glucocorticoids and the regulation of stress response)
a heightened state of tension that quickly passes
37
chronic stress (glucocorticoids and the regulation of stress response)
high levels of stress over a long period of time
38
physical stressors
starvation, major illness, surgery, physical trauma
39
psychological stressors (mental and emotional)
anything perceived by an individual as a threat to their survival, self-image, success, loss of a loved one, severe anxiety, or inability to solve a major problem
40
glucocorticoids (cortisol) and chronic stress
anxiety, weakened immune system, heart disease, nerve problems, high blood sugar
41
hypersecretion of glucocorticoids (cortisol) causes
tumor in the adrenal cortex, hypersecretion of ACTH, to prolonged glucocorticoid treatment (can lead to cushing's syndrome)
42
hypersecretion of adrenocorticoids
cause: destruction of the adrenal cortex inadequate levels of cortisol and/or aldosterone (can lead to Addison's Disease)
43
gonadocorticoids: synthesis
zona reticularis and adrenal androgens: produced in small amounts as weak androgens
44
males and gonadocorticoids
amount produced by the adrenal gland isn't significant unless it is abnormally secreted in excess before puberty
45
excessive androgens in females
can cause virilization development of secondary sex characteristics more typical of males - hirsutism: excessive hair growth that is dark and coarse
46
adrenal medulla: structure and function
composed of chromaffin cells - postganglionic fiber
47
adrenal medulla secretes
85% epinephrine (adrenaline), 15% norepinephrine (noradrenaline), <1% dopamine - epinephrine is adrenaline, norepinephrine is noradrenaline
48
fight or flight response (cardiovascular)
increased heart rate, cardiac output, blood pressure
49
fight or flight (metabolic)
increased glycogenolysis becomes increased blood glucose
50
fight or flight (muscles)
dilation of bronchioles, relaxation of GI tract leads to decreased digestion, constriction of blood vessels in skin, dilation of blood vessels in skeletal muscle (blood is diverted to skeletal muscles)
51
glycogenolysis
conversion of glycogen to glucose
52
pancreas (structure and function)
beta cells more prevalent (alpha and beta work against each other)
53
glycogenesis
glucose converted to glycogen (complex) !remember what a glucose monomer is!
54
glycergenesis
production of glycerol from glucose
55
lipogensis
lipid= glycerol (simple)+fatty acids(simple)= triglyceride (complex)
56
triglyceride
glycerol + fatty acids
57
diabetes mellitus symptoms
hyperglycemia, increased urination, increased thirst, hunger, fatigue, infections, weight loss, pain/tingling, blurred vision, blindness, kidney failure, heart disease, stroke, loss of toes, feet, legs
58
type 1 diabetes cause
genetics
59
type 2 diabetes causes
body can't use insulin properly, overweight, family history, physically inactive, over 45
60
how to prevent type 2
eat healthy, lose weight, exercise regularly
61
hypoglycemia causes
incorrect dosage of insulin, dangerously low
62
hypoglycemia symptoms
shaky, sweaty, dizzy, confusion, hungry, weak, or tired
63
pancreas
exocrine and endocrine function - secretin and small intestine (Bayliss and Starling)
64
pancreas beta cells
make insulin
65
pancreas alpha cells
make glucagon
66
3 sites of storage for glycogen
liver, muscles, adipose tissue
67
pancreas releases insulin
decreased glucose in blood
68
pancreas releases glucagon
increased glucose in blood
69

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