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endo > ch 7 > Flashcards

ch 7 Flashcards

thyroid + parathyroid glands

1
Q

isthmus

A

butterfly shaped and connects two lobes

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2
Q

thyroid gland location

A

between trachea and esophagus

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3
Q

thyroid gland anatomy

A

follicular cells surround colloid
- follicular cells are epithelial cells
- colloid is necessary bc thyroid hormones are protein based
- parafollicular cells js there

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4
Q

thyroid hormones

A

TRH, TSH, T3 (triiodothyronin- principal thyroid hormone), T4 (tetraiodthyronine), calcitonin (calcium regulation in the bloodstream and made by the parafollicular cells)

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5
Q

thyroid hormone synthesis and storage

A

needs 2 tyrosine and 3-4 iodine

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6
Q

T3 synthesis

A

tyrosines are iodinated to make one diiodotyrosine and one monoiodotyrosine

more potent

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7
Q

T4 synthesis

A

2 iodides added to each tyrosine within the thyroglobulin
- makes 2 diiodotyrosines
- thyroid peroxidase cleaves the tyrosines and combines the two
- both stays attached to the thyroglobulin until secretion
- makes hormones ahead of time

longer half-life

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8
Q

thyroid release and secretion

A

endocytosis: the cell takes the thyroglobulin w T3 and T4 attached and transported inside, they are released from the thyroglobulin by a lysosome
- specialized iodide channels on the surface to store in the colloid

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9
Q

endocrine regulation of the thyroid

A

hypothalamus > anterior pituitary > thyroid gland > bloodstream

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10
Q

stimulation for TRH

A

decrease in T3 or T4 levels in blood
- pulsatile secretion
- circadian rhythm and stress

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11
Q

functions of thyroid hormone

A

increases basal metabolic rate
important for growth in children and teens
- provides a “permissive” effect for other hormones (GH)

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12
Q

hyperthyroidism causes

A

causes: thyroid tumor or cancer
Graves’ disease: autoimmune disease of thyroid gland

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13
Q

hypothyroidism causes

A

Hashimoto’s disease: autoimmune disease of thyroid gland
malfunctioning thyroid gland
iodine deficiency

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14
Q

hyperthyroidism symptoms

A

symptoms: nervousness, high metabolic rate and weight loss, protruding eyeballs, goiter, rapid or irregular heartbeat, increased body temperature, muscle weakness

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15
Q

hyperthyroidism treatment

A

surgical removal of affected thyroid, radiotherapy with radioactive iodine, followed by thyroid hormone replacement therapy

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16
Q

hypothyroidism symptoms

A

fatigue and weakness, puffy face, low basal metabolic rate and weight gain, higher sensitivity to cold, thinning hair, goiter

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17
Q

neonatal hypothyroidism (cretinism) causes

A

iodine deficiency during pregnancy or the thyroid gland is absent, poorly developed, or malfunctioning

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18
Q

cretinism symptoms

A

puffy face, thick tongue protruding abdomen, umbilical hernia, muscle weakness

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19
Q

cretinism and hypothyroidism treatments

A

thyroid hormone replacement therapy, iodine deficiency and goiter (iodine supplementation), C cells- produce calcitonin (parafollicular cells)

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20
Q

calcitonin: function

A

hypercalcemia (more likely for women)
bones serve as major storage sights for calcium in the form of calcium phosphate crystals

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21
Q

bone deposition

A

osteoblasts secrete a matrix, which becomes hardened by deposits of calcium phosphate cystals

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22
Q

bone resorption

A

osteoclasts break down the calcium phosphate crystals
- results in an increased release of calcium into the blood

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23
Q

calcitonin reduces…

A

calcitonin reduces calcium uptake by the kidneys
- used as treatment to promote bone conservations

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24
Q

osteoporosis

A

abnormal thinning and weakening of bone

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25
Q

paget’s disease

A

abnormal remodeling of bone

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26
Q

parathyroid glands structure

A

two major types
- chief cells
- oxyphil cells

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27
Q

PTH function

A

stimulates osteoclast resorption in bone

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28
Q

adrenal cortex: adrenocorticosteroids

A

mineralocorticoids: aldosterone
glucocorticoids: cortisol
gonadocorticoids: sex hormones

29
Q

mineralocorticoids

A

secretion is stimulated by angiotensin II
targets the kidneys
- regulates the balance of fluid and electrolytes in the blood

30
Q

kidneys: function

A

nephron
- glomerulus within the bowman’s capsule
-tubules

31
Q

aldosterone: secretion

A

secretion of aldosterone is stimulated by angiotensin II
- lowered blood volume (pressure)
- stimulation is indirect through angiotensin II
- low Na+ in the blood
- also indirect through angiotensin II
- low plasma Na+ and aldosterone

32
Q

low cortisol symptoms

A

low glucose levels, fatigue, weight loss, reduced muscle mass, dizziness

33
Q

glucocorticoids function

A

cortisol targets tissues throughout body
- regulate metabolism
- immune response
- body’s response and adaption to stress

34
Q

regulation of immune response
immunosuppressive effects

A

lower white blood cells, lower antibody production, causes atrophy of tissues involved in the immune response

35
Q

regulation of immune response
anti-inflammatory effect

A

blocks the release of proinflammatory chemicals
- eg histamines + prostaglandins

36
Q

acute stress (glucocorticoids and the regulation of stress response)

A

a heightened state of tension that quickly passes

37
Q

chronic stress (glucocorticoids and the regulation of stress response)

A

high levels of stress over a long period of time

38
Q

physical stressors

A

starvation, major illness, surgery, physical trauma

39
Q

psychological stressors (mental and emotional)

A

anything perceived by an individual as a threat to their survival, self-image, success, loss of a loved one, severe anxiety, or inability to solve a major problem

40
Q

glucocorticoids (cortisol) and chronic stress

A

anxiety, weakened immune system, heart disease, nerve problems, high blood sugar

41
Q

hypersecretion of glucocorticoids (cortisol) causes

A

tumor in the adrenal cortex, hypersecretion of ACTH, to prolonged glucocorticoid treatment (can lead to cushing’s syndrome)

42
Q

hypersecretion of adrenocorticoids

A

cause: destruction of the adrenal cortex
inadequate levels of cortisol and/or aldosterone
(can lead to Addison’s Disease)

43
Q

gonadocorticoids: synthesis

A

zona reticularis and adrenal androgens: produced in small amounts as weak androgens

44
Q

males and gonadocorticoids

A

amount produced by the adrenal gland isn’t significant unless it is abnormally secreted in excess before puberty

45
Q

excessive androgens in females

A

can cause virilization development of secondary sex characteristics more typical of males
- hirsutism: excessive hair growth that is dark and coarse

46
Q

adrenal medulla: structure and function

A

composed of chromaffin cells
- postganglionic fiber

47
Q

adrenal medulla secretes

A

85% epinephrine (adrenaline), 15% norepinephrine (noradrenaline), <1% dopamine
- epinephrine is adrenaline, norepinephrine is noradrenaline

48
Q

fight or flight response
(cardiovascular)

A

increased heart rate, cardiac output, blood pressure

49
Q

fight or flight (metabolic)

A

increased glycogenolysis becomes increased blood glucose

50
Q

fight or flight (muscles)

A

dilation of bronchioles, relaxation of GI tract leads to decreased digestion, constriction of blood vessels in skin, dilation of blood vessels in skeletal muscle (blood is diverted to skeletal muscles)

51
Q

glycogenolysis

A

conversion of glycogen to glucose

52
Q

pancreas (structure and function)

A

beta cells more prevalent (alpha and beta work against each other)

53
Q

glycogenesis

A

glucose converted to glycogen (complex)
!remember what a glucose monomer is!

54
Q

glycergenesis

A

production of glycerol from glucose

55
Q

lipogensis

A

lipid= glycerol (simple)+fatty acids(simple)= triglyceride (complex)

56
Q

triglyceride

A

glycerol + fatty acids

57
Q

diabetes mellitus symptoms

A

hyperglycemia, increased urination, increased thirst, hunger, fatigue, infections, weight loss, pain/tingling, blurred vision, blindness, kidney failure, heart disease, stroke, loss of toes, feet, legs

58
Q

type 1 diabetes cause

A

genetics

59
Q

type 2 diabetes causes

A

body can’t use insulin properly, overweight, family history, physically inactive, over 45

60
Q

how to prevent type 2

A

eat healthy, lose weight, exercise regularly

61
Q

hypoglycemia causes

A

incorrect dosage of insulin, dangerously low

62
Q

hypoglycemia symptoms

A

shaky, sweaty, dizzy, confusion, hungry, weak, or tired

63
Q

pancreas

A

exocrine and endocrine function
- secretin and small intestine (Bayliss and Starling)

64
Q

pancreas beta cells

A

make insulin

65
Q

pancreas alpha cells

A

make glucagon

66
Q

3 sites of storage for glycogen

A

liver, muscles, adipose tissue

67
Q

pancreas releases insulin

A

decreased glucose in blood

68
Q

pancreas releases glucagon

A

increased glucose in blood

69
Q
A

endo (5 decks)

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