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endo > ch 1+3 > Flashcards

ch 1+3 Flashcards

1
Q

in an ELISA, the reporter enzyme is linked to the

A

a detection antibody

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2
Q

the endocrine system regulates:

A

metabolism, growth, development, reproduction, behavior, development, bodily fluids

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3
Q

building blocks of cells

A

nucleic acids, carbs, lipids, proteins

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4
Q

endocrine pathway

A

stimulus > endocrine cell > blood vessel > target tissue > response

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5
Q

autocrine

A

regulates itself

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6
Q

paracrine

A

local effect, cells next to each other can regulate each other

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7
Q

endocrine

A

two cells involved and the bloodstream, not local; receiving cell is further

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8
Q

endocrine and nervous systems

A

interact and regulate each other; neuroendocrine communication with neurohormones

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9
Q

Arnold Berthold

A

zoologist that tested roosters to remove testes (to become more docile) and made capons (smaller than average rooster). concluded that the testes are required for proper development into a rooster (better meat)

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10
Q

Arnold Berthold Experiment

A

group 1 (castration) - caponization
group 2 (reimplantation) - rooster
group 3 (transplantation) - rooster

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11
Q

Thomas Addison

A

Addison’s Disease
- adrenal insufficiency (1849)

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12
Q

Charles Hilton-Fagge

A

crenitism (neonatal hypothyroidism)
endocrine replacement theory proposed (Charles Brown-Sequard)

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13
Q

Bayliss and Starling

A
  • process of digestion of a dog
  • found first hormone (secretin)
  • activates pancreas by small intestines
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14
Q

Chemical messenger

A

type of intercellular communication, chemical composition, mechanism for transport in blood (hormones and neurohormones only), mechanism for activation of their target cell

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15
Q

hydrophobic

A
  • thyroid hormone (amine messengers)
  • steroids
  • eicosanoids
    a- utilize intracellular receptors for activation of their target cell
  • cytoplasmic receptor
  • nuclear receptor
  • TRH > TSH
  • can move across membrane
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16
Q

hydrophilic

A

can’t be moved across plasma membrane
- soluble in blood
- no carrier proteins
protein and peptide messengers
catecholamines and serotonin (amine messengers)
- cell surface receptors
- utilize cell-surface receptors for activation of a target cell
- can trigger an intracellular signal transduction pathway

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17
Q

hormone assays

A

immunological assays, biological assays, chemical assays

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18
Q

immunoassays

A

radioimmunoassay and ELISA

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19
Q

antibody

A

protein made by an animal in response to defend against the antigen

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20
Q

antigen

A

foreign molecule that is recognized as foreign by an animal’s immune system (hormone of interest)

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21
Q

RIA materials

A

capture antibody (hormone specific antibody)
detection antibody (an antibody to the capture antibody)
labeled hormone: radioactive
unlabeled hormone: not radioactive
standard curve samples: known hormone concentration
experimental samples: unknown hormone concentration
- microtiter plate

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22
Q

RIA advantages

A
  • highly sensitive
  • highly specific
  • quantification is possible
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23
Q

RIA disadvantages

A
  • radioactivity
  • can’t determine if biologically active
24
Q

ELISA

A

capture antibody: hormone-specific antibody
detecton antibody: antibody to the capture antibody
- linked to a “reporter enzyme”
hormone samples:
- standard curve samples: known concentration
- experimental samples: unknown concentration
biochemical reaction
microtiter plate
E+S > ES > EP > E+P
- the more enzymes, the faster the reaction and product
- spectrophotometer

25
Q

ELISA advantages

A

specific and sensitive
quantification is possible

26
Q

ELISA disadvantages

A

can’t tell if biologically active

27
Q

chemical assays

A

based on chemical and physical properties
- size, change, polarity, solubility
- chromatography

28
Q

bioassays

A

measures specific biological response following exposure to a substance- hormone
- obtain measurements to determine a biological response
- body weight, liver weight, bone growth

29
Q

in-vivo

A

inside body

30
Q

in-vitro

A

outside body

31
Q

bioassay advantages

A

can tell biological activity

32
Q

bioassay disadvantages

A

not very sensitive
difficult to perform
time consuming and sacrifices animals

33
Q

intracellular signaling pathway

A

aka cell signaling pathway
- involves signal transduction pathway

34
Q

cellular response

A

change in gene expression
change in intracellular ion concentration
hormone secretion
cell growth and division
- increased blood glucose
- less urine
- muscle contraction

35
Q

receptors + intracellular signaling pathways

A

ligand aka extracellular signaling molecule
- ex. hormone
- def. molecule that binds to a receptor

36
Q

steps of cell signaling for cell surface receptors

A

signal reception, signal transduction, (relay molecules in a signal transduction pathway), cellular response

37
Q

signal transduction

A

types:
- intracellular signaling proteins
- G proteins
- second messengers (non-protein)

38
Q

G protein coupled receptors (GPCR)

A
  • snakes through the cytoplasm
  • 7 transmembrane receptors
  • two functional domains
    - ligand binding domain: extracellular domain
    - signal transduction domain: intracellular domain
39
Q

G proteins structure

A

heterotrimeric protein anchored to the plasma membrane
- alpha, beta, gamma

40
Q

G proteins: activation and inactivation

A

like “on/off” switches, alternating between active and inactive
GTP: guanosine triphosphate (guanosine -P-P-P) MORE ENERGY
- GDP: guanosine -P-P
- inactive G-protein: bound by GDP
- active G-protein: bound by GTP

41
Q

process for activating G protein

A

ase means enzyme
two major types of G alpha subunits:
- G alpha s: activates adenylyl cyclase (stimulates cAMP production)
- G alpha q: activates phospholipase C (PLC) (stimulates Ca 2+ release)

42
Q

protein kinases

A

enzymes that phosphorylate (adds phosphates to) other proteins
- can activate the protein

43
Q

calmodulin

A

Ca2+ effector protein

44
Q

intracellular receptors

A

intracellular signaling- nuclear receptors
- signal reception, transduction, (NO relay molecules or signal transduction pathway), response

45
Q

nuclear receptors: structure

A

three functional domains
- ligand binding domain
- DNA binding domain
- transcription activation (activating) domain

46
Q

hormone responsiveness

A

magnitude of a target cell’s response
- magnitude can depend on
1. concentration of the signaling molecule present
2. number of receptors present on a target cell
3. affinity of the receptor for its signaling molecule
4.

47
Q

purpose of ELISA

A

look for color change

48
Q

purpose of RIA

A

antigen concentrations, ex hormone levels in blood

49
Q

amine

A

1 amino acid (modified)
- serotonin, melatonin, T3+T4 (thyroid hormone)

thyroid hormone hydrophobic
serotonin, melatonin hydrophilic

50
Q

peptide/protein

A

3-50 amino acids: insulin, FSH, LH

51
Q

lipid

A

steroids (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, androstenedione) and eicosaniods (prostaglandins)

steroids (cholesterol)
eicosanoids (fatty acids)

52
Q

neurosecretory cells

A

neurons that release into the blood (ant. pituitary and hypothalamus)

53
Q

GH pathway

A

tropic: stimulates another gland to secrete (target the liver to make IGF-1)
- GRH (hypothalamus) > GH (anterior pituitary) > liver > IGF 1

54
Q

GH nontropic

A

lengthening of bones
- muscle, bone, fat from IGF 1
- stimulates growth through IGF-1

55
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

non-carbohydrate sources: burning through fat to make carbs

endo (5 decks)

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