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endo > ch 12, 13 > Flashcards

ch 12, 13 Flashcards

reproductive endocrinology

1
Q

hypothalamus

A

GnRH

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2
Q

anterior pituitary

A

FSH, LH
- affects the ovaries and testes

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3
Q

ovaries and testes

A

estrogen, progesterone, testosterone

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4
Q

types of estrogen

A

estradiol, estrone

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5
Q

adrenal glands (adrenal cortex)

A

adrenal androgens, some stay to be used during puberty, while the rest are converted to testosterone or estrogen
- helps the gonads make sex hormones

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6
Q

estrogen in puberty

A

stimulates the maturation and maintenance of the female reproductive system, and the secondary sex characteristics

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7
Q

progesterone in puberty

A

prepares and maintains the uterus for each menstrual cycle

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8
Q

vas deferens

A

sperm transport from epididymis to urethra

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9
Q

epididymis

A

sperm storage and maturation

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10
Q

accessory glands (3)

A

2 seminal vesicles, 2 bulbourethral gland, 1 prostate gland

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11
Q

spermatic cord (structure)

A

nerves and blood vessels: facilitate the transportation of hormones in and out
epididymis runs through

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12
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

intricate network of coils that make up the testes
sperm production

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13
Q

seminiferous tubule structure

A

inner part is lumen
- sperm is produced and moves through to get to epididymis

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14
Q

what are seminiferous tubules made of

A

sertoli cells, epithelial cells (support sperm development), leydig cells (outside tubules that secrete testosterone and support sertoli cells), smooth muscle cels (help sperm move out of tubules and outside), blood testis barrier (keeps testes safe)
- tight junction (where two sertoli cells meet)
- basal and luminal compartments
- lumen: hole of tube, basal: tube part of tube

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15
Q

mitosis

A

used to make additional precursor cells found in the basal compartment

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16
Q

spermatogonia

A

diploid cells that go through mitosis
- one of the two spermatogonia will differentiate into a primary spermatocyte, the other will be used again as spermatogonia
- primary spermatocyte (2n x 2) goes through meiosis 1 and through the tight junction and makes secondary spermatocytes (n x 2)
- secondary spermatocytes will go through meiosis 2 to make 4 spermatids (n)
- 4 spermatids go through spermatogenesis to become spermatozoa (n) like a rough draft

17
Q

sperm transport

A

epdidymis > vas deferens > ejaculatory duct > prostate gland > urethra

18
Q

endocrine regulation of male reproduction

A

hypothalamus > anterior pituitary > sertoli cells > inhibin (negative feedback) and spermatogenesis > leydig cells > testosterone and spermatogenesis

19
Q

primary ovarian follicles

A

oocyte, granulosa cells, theca cells (ensure that the follicle can produce estrogen)

20
Q

oogenesis

A

follicle releases estrogen
- oogonium (2n) makes precursor cells as it undergoes mitosis
- differentiates to become primary oocytes (2n) and moves into meiosis at birth before pausing
- continues meiosis during puberty, primary oocyte makes 1st polar body (n) that degenerates and creates a secondary oocyte (n) and arrests in metaphase 2
- starts meiosis 2 at ovulation before arresting again
- if fertilized, the second oocyte will make a second polar body that degenerates while the other makes a fertilized ovum

21
Q

ovarian cycle

A

follicular phase (1-14) > luteal phase (14-28)

22
Q

follicular phase

A

rings of follicular cells with an outside layer of theca cells
- theca cells help estrogen production
- endocrine cells

23
Q

secondary follicle

A

more granulosa cells, start to make vesicles of fluid (follicular fluid)

24
Q

tertiary follicle

A

graafian follicle, mature

25
Q

ovulation

A

antrum bursts and ejects secondary oocyte through the ovarian wall
- triggered by surge of LH
- secondary oocyte wrapped in coronary radiata

26
Q

luteal phase

A

corpus luteum development
- leftover follicle that was hosting the oocyte
- makes hormones that help the uterine cycle
- estrogen and progesterone
- if no fertilization by day 24, the corpus luteum will regress and shrivel up
(corpus albicans)
- if fertilized, it will stick around and produce estrogen temporarily until the placenta forms

27
Q

uterine cycle

A

menstrual phase (1-5) > proliferative phase (6-14) > secretory phase (15-28)

28
Q

myometrium (middle)

A

muscular layer, made of smooth muscle
- strong muslce cells that contract in labor and stretch to hold the baby

29
Q

endometrium

A

innermost layer of uterine lining
- layers of epithelial cells
- connective tissue
- blood vessles=spiral arteries
- builds off and sloughs off with uterine cycle

30
Q

proliferative phase

A

endometrial lining develops and grows in thickness
endometrial gland enlarges and blood vessels proliferate
myometrium thickens

31
Q

secretory phase

A

further development and thickening of the endometrium
blood supply increases
glands enlarge and secrete a glycogen-rich fluid (uterine milk)

endo (5 decks)

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