ch 12, 13 Flashcards
reproductive endocrinology
hypothalamus
GnRH
anterior pituitary
FSH, LH
- affects the ovaries and testes
ovaries and testes
estrogen, progesterone, testosterone
types of estrogen
estradiol, estrone
adrenal glands (adrenal cortex)
adrenal androgens, some stay to be used during puberty, while the rest are converted to testosterone or estrogen
- helps the gonads make sex hormones
estrogen in puberty
stimulates the maturation and maintenance of the female reproductive system, and the secondary sex characteristics
progesterone in puberty
prepares and maintains the uterus for each menstrual cycle
vas deferens
sperm transport from epididymis to urethra
epididymis
sperm storage and maturation
accessory glands (3)
2 seminal vesicles, 2 bulbourethral gland, 1 prostate gland
spermatic cord (structure)
nerves and blood vessels: facilitate the transportation of hormones in and out
epididymis runs through
seminiferous tubules
intricate network of coils that make up the testes
sperm production
seminiferous tubule structure
inner part is lumen
- sperm is produced and moves through to get to epididymis
what are seminiferous tubules made of
sertoli cells, epithelial cells (support sperm development), leydig cells (outside tubules that secrete testosterone and support sertoli cells), smooth muscle cels (help sperm move out of tubules and outside), blood testis barrier (keeps testes safe)
- tight junction (where two sertoli cells meet)
- basal and luminal compartments
- lumen: hole of tube, basal: tube part of tube
mitosis
used to make additional precursor cells found in the basal compartment
spermatogonia
diploid cells that go through mitosis
- one of the two spermatogonia will differentiate into a primary spermatocyte, the other will be used again as spermatogonia
- primary spermatocyte (2n x 2) goes through meiosis 1 and through the tight junction and makes secondary spermatocytes (n x 2)
- secondary spermatocytes will go through meiosis 2 to make 4 spermatids (n)
- 4 spermatids go through spermatogenesis to become spermatozoa (n) like a rough draft
sperm transport
epdidymis > vas deferens > ejaculatory duct > prostate gland > urethra
endocrine regulation of male reproduction
hypothalamus > anterior pituitary > sertoli cells > inhibin (negative feedback) and spermatogenesis > leydig cells > testosterone and spermatogenesis
primary ovarian follicles
oocyte, granulosa cells, theca cells (ensure that the follicle can produce estrogen)
oogenesis
follicle releases estrogen
- oogonium (2n) makes precursor cells as it undergoes mitosis
- differentiates to become primary oocytes (2n) and moves into meiosis at birth before pausing
- continues meiosis during puberty, primary oocyte makes 1st polar body (n) that degenerates and creates a secondary oocyte (n) and arrests in metaphase 2
- starts meiosis 2 at ovulation before arresting again
- if fertilized, the second oocyte will make a second polar body that degenerates while the other makes a fertilized ovum
ovarian cycle
follicular phase (1-14) > luteal phase (14-28)
follicular phase
rings of follicular cells with an outside layer of theca cells
- theca cells help estrogen production
- endocrine cells
secondary follicle
more granulosa cells, start to make vesicles of fluid (follicular fluid)
tertiary follicle
graafian follicle, mature
ovulation
antrum bursts and ejects secondary oocyte through the ovarian wall
- triggered by surge of LH
- secondary oocyte wrapped in coronary radiata
luteal phase
corpus luteum development
- leftover follicle that was hosting the oocyte
- makes hormones that help the uterine cycle
- estrogen and progesterone
- if no fertilization by day 24, the corpus luteum will regress and shrivel up
(corpus albicans)
- if fertilized, it will stick around and produce estrogen temporarily until the placenta forms
uterine cycle
menstrual phase (1-5) > proliferative phase (6-14) > secretory phase (15-28)
myometrium (middle)
muscular layer, made of smooth muscle
- strong muslce cells that contract in labor and stretch to hold the baby
endometrium
innermost layer of uterine lining
- layers of epithelial cells
- connective tissue
- blood vessles=spiral arteries
- builds off and sloughs off with uterine cycle
proliferative phase
endometrial lining develops and grows in thickness
endometrial gland enlarges and blood vessels proliferate
myometrium thickens
secretory phase
further development and thickening of the endometrium
blood supply increases
glands enlarge and secrete a glycogen-rich fluid (uterine milk)
