ch 12, 13

Question 1

hypothalamus

Answer 1

GnRH

Question 2

anterior pituitary

Answer 2

FSH, LH
- affects the ovaries and testes

Question 3

ovaries and testes

Answer 3

estrogen, progesterone, testosterone

Question 4

types of estrogen

Answer 4

estradiol, estrone

Question 5

adrenal glands (adrenal cortex)

Answer 5

adrenal androgens, some stay to be used during puberty, while the rest are converted to testosterone or estrogen
- helps the gonads make sex hormones

Question 6

estrogen in puberty

Answer 6

stimulates the maturation and maintenance of the female reproductive system, and the secondary sex characteristics

Question 7

progesterone in puberty

Answer 7

prepares and maintains the uterus for each menstrual cycle

Question 8

vas deferens

Answer 8

sperm transport from epididymis to urethra

Question 9

epididymis

Answer 9

sperm storage and maturation

Question 10

accessory glands (3)

Answer 10

2 seminal vesicles, 2 bulbourethral gland, 1 prostate gland

Question 11

spermatic cord (structure)

Answer 11

nerves and blood vessels: facilitate the transportation of hormones in and out
epididymis runs through

Question 12

seminiferous tubules

Answer 12

intricate network of coils that make up the testes
sperm production

Question 13

seminiferous tubule structure

Answer 13

inner part is lumen
- sperm is produced and moves through to get to epididymis

Question 14

what are seminiferous tubules made of

Answer 14

sertoli cells, epithelial cells (support sperm development), leydig cells (outside tubules that secrete testosterone and support sertoli cells), smooth muscle cels (help sperm move out of tubules and outside), blood testis barrier (keeps testes safe)
- tight junction (where two sertoli cells meet)
- basal and luminal compartments
- lumen: hole of tube, basal: tube part of tube

Question 15

mitosis

Answer 15

used to make additional precursor cells found in the basal compartment

Question 16

spermatogonia

Answer 16

diploid cells that go through mitosis
- one of the two spermatogonia will differentiate into a primary spermatocyte, the other will be used again as spermatogonia
- primary spermatocyte (2n x 2) goes through meiosis 1 and through the tight junction and makes secondary spermatocytes (n x 2)
- secondary spermatocytes will go through meiosis 2 to make 4 spermatids (n)
- 4 spermatids go through spermatogenesis to become spermatozoa (n) like a rough draft

Question 17

sperm transport

Answer 17

epdidymis > vas deferens > ejaculatory duct > prostate gland > urethra

Question 18

endocrine regulation of male reproduction

Answer 18

hypothalamus > anterior pituitary > sertoli cells > inhibin (negative feedback) and spermatogenesis > leydig cells > testosterone and spermatogenesis

Question 19

primary ovarian follicles

Answer 19

oocyte, granulosa cells, theca cells (ensure that the follicle can produce estrogen)

Question 20

oogenesis

Answer 20

follicle releases estrogen
- oogonium (2n) makes precursor cells as it undergoes mitosis
- differentiates to become primary oocytes (2n) and moves into meiosis at birth before pausing
- continues meiosis during puberty, primary oocyte makes 1st polar body (n) that degenerates and creates a secondary oocyte (n) and arrests in metaphase 2
- starts meiosis 2 at ovulation before arresting again
- if fertilized, the second oocyte will make a second polar body that degenerates while the other makes a fertilized ovum

Question 21

ovarian cycle

Answer 21

follicular phase (1-14) > luteal phase (14-28)

Question 22

follicular phase

Answer 22

rings of follicular cells with an outside layer of theca cells
- theca cells help estrogen production
- endocrine cells

Question 23

secondary follicle

Answer 23

more granulosa cells, start to make vesicles of fluid (follicular fluid)

Question 24

tertiary follicle

Answer 24

graafian follicle, mature

Question 25

ovulation

Answer 25

antrum bursts and ejects secondary oocyte through the ovarian wall - triggered by surge of LH - secondary oocyte wrapped in coronary radiata

Question 26

luteal phase

Answer 26

corpus luteum development - leftover follicle that was hosting the oocyte - makes hormones that help the uterine cycle - estrogen and progesterone - if no fertilization by day 24, the corpus luteum will regress and shrivel up (corpus albicans) - if fertilized, it will stick around and produce estrogen temporarily until the placenta forms

Question 27

uterine cycle

Answer 27

menstrual phase (1-5) > proliferative phase (6-14) > secretory phase (15-28)

Question 28

myometrium (middle)

Answer 28

muscular layer, made of smooth muscle - strong muslce cells that contract in labor and stretch to hold the baby

Question 29

endometrium

Answer 29

innermost layer of uterine lining - layers of epithelial cells - connective tissue - blood vessles=spiral arteries - builds off and sloughs off with uterine cycle

Question 30

proliferative phase

Answer 30

endometrial lining develops and grows in thickness endometrial gland enlarges and blood vessels proliferate myometrium thickens

Question 31

secretory phase

Answer 31

further development and thickening of the endometrium blood supply increases glands enlarge and secrete a glycogen-rich fluid (uterine milk)