Ch 6- Respiratory Flashcards
Air passes through the external nares of the nose and then passes through the nasal cavity, where it is filtered through mucous membranes and nasal hairs called
Vibrissae
“The nose and mouth serve several important purposes in breathing by
- removing dirt and particulate matter from the air
2. warming and humidifying it before it reaches the lungs.”
“In contrast, the _____ lies below the pharynx and is only a pathway for air.”
Larynx (glottis)
-Contains 2 vocal cords
“Each alveolus is coated with _________, a detergent that lowers surface tension and prevents the alveolus from collapsing on itself.”
Surfactant
“Membranes known as pleurae surround each lung ________
Pleurae
-The surface adjacent to the lung is the visceral pleura, and the outer part is the parietal pleura.
“The diaphragm is under ______ control, even though breathing itself is under autonomic control. ”
Somatic
“The space within the sac is referred to as the ________, which contains a thin layer of fluid.”
Intrapleural Space
“what will happen to intrapleural pressure on inhalation?
Excerpt From: Kaplan. “Kaplan MCAT Biology Review: Created for MCAT 2015 (Kaplan Test Prep).” iBooks.
From our understanding of Boyle’s law, an increase in intrapleural volume leads to a decrease in intrapleural pressure.”
“Boyle’s law states that the pressure and volume of gases are inversely related. This is the principle underlying negative-pressure breathing: as the chest wall expands, the pressure in the lungs drops, and air is drawn into the lungs.”
We breath by _______ because the driving force is the lower (relatively negative) pressure in the intrapleural space compared with the lungs.”
negative-pressure breathing
“The gas in the lungs is initially at atmospheric pressure, which is now higher than the pressure in the intrapleural space. The lungs will therefore expand into the intrapleural space, and the pressure in the lungs will drop. Air will then be sucked in from a higher-pressure environment—the outside world. ”
Inhalation is a(n) ________ process while exhalation is a(n) _________ process
Active, Passive
________ is required to create the negative pressure in the thoracic cavity that forces air into the lungs during inspiration”
Muscle Contraction
“The maximum volume of air in the lungs when one inhales completely; usually around 6 to 7 liters”
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
“The minimum volume of air in the lungs when one exhales completely”
Residual Volume (RV)
The differecen brewer the minimum and Maximum volume of air in the lungs
Vital Capacity (VC)
TLC-RV
“The volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath”
Tidal Volume (TV)
“The volume of additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation”
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
“The volume of additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inhalation
”
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
“Breathing requires input from our nervous control center. Ventilation is primarily regulated by a collection of neurons in the _______ called the _______ center”
Excerpt From: Kaplan. “Kaplan MCAT Biology Review: Created for MCAT 2015 (Kaplan Test Prep).” iBooks.
Medulla, Ventilation
-These neurons contain chemoreceptors that are primarily sensitive to carbon dioxide concentration.”
Neurons in the ventilation center of the medulla have chemoreceptors primarily sensitive to what
[Co2]
“When Blood initially arrives at the alveoli, blood has a relatively low partial pressure of oxygen and a relatively high partial pressure of carbon dioxide, facilitating transfer of each down its respective concentration gradient. This means gas transfer is _________
Passive
-O2 in the alveoli flows down its partial pressure gradient from the alveoli into the pulmonary capillaries, where it can bind to hemoglobin for transport. Meanwhile, CO2 flows down its partial pressure gradient from the capillaries into the alveoli for expiration.”
“humans predominantly regulate temperature using
capillaries and sweat glands in the skin, or rapid muscle contraction (shivering).”
Also capillaries within nasal and tracheal capillary beds
First line of immune define in the lungs is
Smalls hairs (vibrissae) within the nasal cavity.
-Nasal cavity also contains lysozymes (also found in tears and saliva) that attack peptidoglycan walks of gram + bacteria
A way the lungs protect against pathogens
Mucociliary Escalator
Mucus traps particulate matter and cilia propels mucus up to oral cavity
Ways the respiratory system provides immune function
- Macrophages (Dust Cells)
- IgA on the mucosal surfaces
- Mast cells (have antibodies on their surface)
“The respiratory system plays a role in pH balance through the
bicarbonate buffer system in the blood
“CO2 (g) + H2O (l) ⇌ H2CO3 (aq) ⇌ H+ (aq) + HCO−3 (aq)”
When the body is in acidemia, acid-sensing chemoreceptors just outside the blood–brain barrier send signals to the brain to”
Increase respiration
“If H+ is an acid and HCO⁻3 is a base, then why doesn’t increasing both of them maintain a constant pH?”
“H+ is a strong acid, while HCO⁻3 is a weak base. This combination will shift the pH of the solution toward the acidic range.”
Excerpt From: Kaplan. “Kaplan MCAT Biology Review: Created for MCAT 2015 (Kaplan Test Prep).” iBooks.
“The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles expand the thoracic cavity, increasing the volume of the intrapleural space. This decreases the
intrapleural pressure.”
-This pressure differential ultimately expands the lungs, dropping their pressure and drawing in air from the environment. This mechanism is termed negative-pressure breathing.
“When blood pH decreases, respiration rate increases to compensate by blowing off carbon dioxide. This causes a ______ shift in the buffer equation, reducing hydrogen ion concentration.”
Left
“When blood pH increases, respiration rate decreases to compensate by trapping carbon dioxide. This causes a ________ shift in the buffer equation, increasing hydrogen ion concentration.”
right
